SCI 202 Anatomical Foundations

Flashcards covering the vocabulary and key structures of the Skeletal, Integumentary, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, Endocrine, and Nervous systems as presented in the lecture notes.

Osteocytes

Functional cells contained within bone tissue.

Ossification

The dynamic process of bone formation.

Haversian systems

The intricate structural arrangement of rings of tissue containing bone cells, also known as osteons.

Cancellous bone

Spongy bone found in the inner layer that contains bone marrow.

Bone Marrow

A highly vascularized, gelatinous tissue containing hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells.

Periosteum

A tough membrane that covers the bone.

Articular cartilage

Tissue that covers and cushions bone ends where they form a joint.

Hematopoiesis

The production of blood cells occurring in the bone marrow.

Sesamoid bones

Bones embedded in a tendon, such as the patella.

Sutural bones

Bone chips sometimes found embedded between cranial bones (suture).

Axial Skeleton

A subdivision of the skeleton consisting of $80$ bones, including the skull, thorax, and spine.

Appendicular Skeleton

A subdivision of the skeleton consisting of $126$ bones, including the extremities and girdles.

Glabella

A prominence of the frontal bone located just above the nasal bones, between the medial ends of the eyebrows.

External auditory meatus

A tunnel in the temporal bone extending medially from the external ear to the middle ear.

Mandibular fossa

A depression on the temporal bone that articulates with the condyles of the lower jaw.

Carotid canal

A passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery passes to the brain.

Malleus

An ear ossicle also known as the hammer that is attached to the tympanic membrane.

Stapes

The smallest bone in the body, also known as the stirrup.

Foramen magnum

Large opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

Sella turcica

A depression in the center of the superior portion of the sphenoid bone that holds the pituitary gland.

Cribriform plate

The flat superior surface of the ethmoid bone involved in making up the floor of the cranial cavity.

Calvaria

The top, domelike skullcap.

Orbit

The cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated.

Palatine process

The horizontal portion of the maxilla which forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

Hyoid

A horseshoe-shaped bone in the cervical region that does not directly articulate with any other bone.

Atlas

The superior vertebra ($C1$) upon which the skull rests.

Axis

The second cervical vertebra ($C2$) which allows for a pivoting action to turn the head side to side.

True Ribs

The upper seven pairs of ribs that articulate directly with the sternum.

Floating Ribs

Rib pairs $11$ and $12$ that have no anterior cartilage.

Acromion

The superior, lateral projection of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle.

Glenoid cavity

The depression in the scapula into which the head of the humerus fits to form the shoulder joint.

Olecranon process

The superior end of the ulna, commonly known as the elbow.

Acetabulum

The cup-like socket of the hip joint.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphyses

The ends of a bone.

Synarthroses

Immovable articulations where movement is not intended, such as cranial sutures.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable articulations usually separated by cartilage, such as the pubic symphysis.

Diarthroses

Freely moveable articulations containing a capsule, such as the shoulder or knee.

Epidermis

The outer layer of the skin which contains melanin.

Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production occurring in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

Peyer’s patches

Clusters of lymphatic tissue in the ileum of the small intestine that detect harmful bacteria.

Alimentary Canal

The gastrointestinal tract extending from the mouth to the anus.

Peristalsis

The movement of food caused by the contraction of smooth muscle in the muscularis layer.

Chyme

The mixture formed when the stomach churns food with gastric juices.

Nephrons

The functional unit of the kidneys.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air moved in a normal breath, approximately $500\,\text{mL}$.

Islets of Langerhans

Structures in the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon.

Dendrites

The part of a neuron that receives electrical impulses.

Synapse

The space between neurons for signal transmission.

Brainstem

Part of the brain that controls heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.