Unit 1: 1491-1607 Heimler Review Guide

Vocabulary flashcards covering Native American societies, European exploration, the Columbian Exchange, and cultural interactions from 1491 to 1607.

Three Sisters Farming

An agricultural method where maize is grown alongside squash and beans.

Maize

A crop so essential to Indigenous societies that many developed deities and rituals associated with its cultivation.

Northeast Indigenous Groups

Native societies including the Wampanoag, Pequot, Narragansett, and Lenape.

Southeast Indigenous Groups

Native societies including the Creek, Chickasaw, and Seminole.

Mississippi River Valley Indigenous Groups

Native societies including the Choctaw and Natchez.

Great Basin and Great Plains Indigenous Groups

Native societies including the Shoshone, Lakota, and Cheyenne.

Pacific Northwest and California Indigenous Groups

Native societies including the Nootka, Washoe, and Yurok.

Capitalism

An economic system that mineral wealth and trade helped shift toward during early European exploration.

Spanish Conquest Targets

The Aztec and Inca empires, which were conquered by Spanish forces.

Spanish Racial Categories

A social hierarchy including terms such as peninsulares, criollos, mestizos, and mulattoes.

Requerimiento

A factor used by Spain to shape and justify the establishment and maintenance of their colonies.

Mines of Potos

Specific mineral wealth sites that aided Spain's colonization efforts.

Cassava

An American crop that became a staple in Africa following the Columbian Exchange.

Chocolate

A New World product that became a luxury item in Europe during the Columbian Exchange.

Old World Diseases

Illnesses such as influenza, measles, and malaria that were transferred to the New World.

Syphilis

A disease transferred from the New World to the Old World during the Columbian Exchange.

Tobacco

A New World crop that became popular in the Old World following its introduction.

Spanish Missions

Establishments created for the purpose of converting and subjugating Native Americans.

Syncretic Culture Examples

The blending of cultures evidenced by the European adoption of Indigenous terms like canoe, hammock, and moccasin.

New Laws

Legislation that attempted to reform the encomienda system.