Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Intellectual Disability

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering key terms, diagnostic criteria, and characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders, intellectual disabilities, learning disorders, ADHD, and tic disorders based on lecture notes.

Person-First Language

A language practice where the individual is named before their disability or condition (e.g., "a person with a disability" rather than "a disabled person"), recognizing that a disability is only one aspect of a person.

Intermittent Support

An AAIDD classification level for intellectual disability where support is provided on an "as needed" episodic basis or during life-span transitions, and can be of high or low intensity.

Limited Support

An AAIDD classification level for intellectual disability characterized by consistency over time and time-limited duration, requiring fewer staff and less cost than extensive levels (e.g., transitional employment training).

Extensive Support

An AAIDD classification level for intellectual disability involving regular daily involvement in specific environments such as a group home or sheltered workshop.

Pervasive Support

An AAIDD classification level for intellectual disability characterized by constant, high-intensity support across environments that may be life-sustaining in nature.

Receptive Language vs. Expressive Language in ASD

A feature in higher functioning children with Autism Spectrum Disorder where their level of receptive language (understanding) greatly exceeds their expressive language (speaking).

Echolalia

A repetitive speech pattern common in Autism Spectrum Disorder involving the verbatim repetition of words or phrases spoken by others.

Idiosyncratic Speech

A speech characteristic in Autism Spectrum Disorder where an individual uses custom or unique words and phrasing specific to their own vocabulary.

Discontinued DSM-V Diagnoses (Autism Spectrum)

Former diagnostic categories merged into Autism Spectrum Disorder under DSM-V, including Asperger's Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder.

Specific Learning Disorder

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent difficulties learning and using academic skills, such as inaccurate or slow and effortful reading, difficulty understanding meaning, spelling problems, or mathematical reasoning difficulties.

Response to Intervention (RTI)

A multi-tiered framework for early identification and support of students with learning needs, consisting of Tier 1 (Universal Screening), Tier 2 (Targeted Interventions), and Tier 3 (Intensive Testing & Progress Monitoring).

Tennessee Guidelines for LD Classification

State criteria defining learning disability classification when academic achievement is more than $1.5$ standard deviations lower than achievement in one or more specific academic areas.

Dyslexia

A learning difficulty example involving perceptual disorder, inaccurate or fluent word recognition, poor decoding and spelling, or loss of reading skills caused by brain injury.

ADHD Inattention Cluster

A primary symptom domain of ADHD including failure to give close attention to details, careless mistakes, difficulty sustaining attention, failing to follow instructions, avoiding sustained mental effort, distractibility, and forgetfulness.

ADHD Hyperactivity Cluster

A primary symptom domain of ADHD marked by frequent fidgeting, leaving seat, running or climbing excessively, difficulty playing quietly, acting as if "driven by a motor," and talking excessively.

ADHD Impulsivity Cluster

A primary symptom domain of ADHD characterized by blurting out answers before questions are finished, difficulty awaiting turns, and interrupting or intruding upon others.

Ritalin Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacological properties of Ritalin, including a half-life of $2\text{--}3\text{ hours}$, time to peak concentration of $1\text{--}3\text{ hours}$, onset of behavioral effect of $1\text{ hour}$, and duration of behavioral effect of $3\text{--}4\text{ hours}$.

Common Side Effects of Stimulants

Frequent adverse effects associated with stimulant medications used for ADHD, including loss of appetite, weight loss, irritability, insomnia, and abdominal pain.

Tic

A sudden, rapid, non-rhythmic motor movement or vocalization that can be classified as simple (lasting milliseconds) or complex (lasting a second or longer).

Coropralia

A complex vocal tic symptom characterized by the involuntary uttering of socially unacceptable words.

Tourette's Disorder Diagnostic Criteria

A disorder requiring multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics persisting for more than $1\text{ year}$ (with no tic-free period of more than $3$ consecutive months) and onset prior to age $18$.

PANDAS

Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Strep; a condition where sudden-onset Tourette and OCD symptoms, gross motor tics, personality changes, and a decrease in math skills are triggered by a streptococcal infection.

Sensory Processing Disorder

A neurological condition (formerly Sensory Integration Disorder and not a formal DSM-V diagnosis) where sensory inputs fail to get organized into appropriate responses, acting as a "neurological traffic jam."