PRELIMS - RESEARCH

Research

is a systematic inquiry that

uses disciplined methods to answer

questions or solve problems.

comes from the prefix [ re ] meaning "again"

and the old french [ cerchier ] meaning to seek or search

Research comes from the prefix _______ and the old french word _____

Problem Solving

A scientific process of identifying a

problem and finding practical ways to

solve it.

Nursing Research

One of its central goals is to provide a

sound basis for decision-making at every

level of the nursing profession.

1. Orderly and Systematic

2. Control

3. Empiricism

4. Generalization

Characteristics of Research

Empiricism

Evidence is gathered through the researcher's own

observation and senses, not assumption.

Orderly & Systematic

The researcher carries out the investigation in an

ordered, logical sequence of steps.

Control

Specific constraints are identified and minimized to

protect the precision and validity of results and

reduce bias.

Generalization

Findings, once analyzed across enough cases sharing

common traits, may be applied to a larger

population.

Problem

A situation in need of description,

quantification, solution, improvement, or

alteration.

Research Problem

An enigmatic, perplexing, or troubling

condition. Both qualitative and quantitative

researchers identify one within a broad area of

interest — the purpose of research is to "solve"

it, or contribute to its solution, by

accumulating relevant information.

1. Non-Research Problem

1. Research Problem vs Non-Research Problem

which one has an obvious answer, or can be answered without gathering data

2. Research Problem

2. Research Problem vs Non-Research Problem

which one Leads to policies or

generalizations that advance

the field of knowledge.

3. Non-Research Problem

3. Research Problem vs Non-Research Problem

which one once answered, cannot be applied to similar situations

4. Research Problem

4. Research Problem vs Non-Research Problem

which one Attempts to gauge cause-effect

relationships among variables.

Introduction

Which step of the research process is this

Background, review of literature, theoretical framework, conceptual

paradigm, statement of the problem, hypothesis, and significance

Method

Which step of the research process is this

Design, setting, participants, measures, research procedure, analysis,

ethical considerations

Variable

Qualities, properties, or characteristics of people, things, events, or situations under study, which are

assessed and measured quantitatively or qualitatively.

Independent, Dependent, Intervening/ Moderating

Three types of Variable

Independent Variable

The factor being

manipulated by the

researcher — the focus of

the inquiry. Also called the

experimental, treatment,

causal, or stimulus variable.

Dependent Variable

The factor affected or

influenced by the

independent variable. Also

called the criterion, effect,

or response variable.

Intervening / Moderating

Variable

A factor that exists

between the independent

and dependent variable,

and bears on the effect of

the independent variable

on the dependent variable.

Indicators

Statements of traits, characteristics, trends, and practices that define or describe the variables.

They belong to a certain area evaluated.

Hypothesis

A prediction about a relationship between two or more variables. It translates a quantitative

research question into a precise prediction of expected outcomes.

Alternative/Research and Null/Statistical

Types of Hypothesis by Statement

ALTERNATIVE / RESEARCH

Also called substantive, declarative, or scientific.

States that there is an expected relationship

between variables.

NULL / STATISTICAL

States that there is no relationship between the

independent and dependent variables. The form typically used for statistical testing.

Directional and Nondirectional (two-tailed)

Types of Hypothesis, by Direction

1. Directional

Specifies not only the existence but the expected direction of the relationship between variables.

2. Nondirectional (two-tailed)

Predicts an effect or difference exists, but does not specify its direction.

Wording of Hypotheses: Simple

A hypothesis that expresses an expected relationship between one independent and one dependent variable.

Wording of Hypotheses: Complex / Multivariate

A prediction of a relationship between two (or more) independent and/or two (or more) dependent variables.

THEORY

An abstract generalization explaining how phenomena are interrelated to predict outcomes

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Based on a theory. It is your original integration of major theories.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Used when study has its roots in a specified conceptual model

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

The first theorist who pioneered the environmental approach to nursing.

HILDEGARD PEPLAU (Interpersonal Model)

Based on psychodynamic nursing. "Nursing is a therapeutic interpersonal process... an educative instrument..."

ORIENTATION

first plane of the nurse-patient relationship.

IDENTIFICATION

second plane of relationship

EXPLOITATION

third plane of relationship.

RESOLUTION

fourth and final plane

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Theory

A patient's environment affects healing. Nurses should provide clean air, water, sanitation, light, warmth, and cleanliness.

Hildegard Peplau

Interpersonal Relations Theory

Nursing is a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient that develops through different phases.

Virginia Henderson

Need Theory

Nursing helps patients meet 14 basic needs and become independent as soon as possible.

Dorothea Orem

Self-Care Deficit Theory

Nursing is needed when a person cannot adequately care for themselves.

Martha Rogers

Science of Unitary Human Beings

People and their environment are interconnected, constantly exchanging energy.

Dorothy Johnson

Behavioral System Model

A person is a behavioral system made up of different subsystems that need balance.

Sister Callista Roy

Adaptation Model

People constantly adapt to changes in their internal and external environment. Nurses help them adapt effectively.

Betty Neuman

Systems Model

A person is an open system exposed to stressors. Nursing helps protect the person's stability.

Jean Watson

Theory of Human Caring

Caring is the heart of nursing; nurses promote healing through caring relationships and holistic care.

Madeleine Leininger

Transcultural Nursing Theory

Nursing care should respect and incorporate the patient's culture, beliefs, and values.

Imogene King

Goal Attainment Theory

Nurse and patient communicate, set goals together, and work toward achieving those goals.

Ida Jean Orlando

Nursing Process Theory

Nursing should respond to the patient's immediate need based on what the patient says and does—not assumptions

Patricia Benner

Novice to Expert

Nurses develop knowledge and clinical skills through experience, progressing through five levels.

Faye Abdellah

21 Nursing Problems

Nursing focuses on identifying and solving the patient's specific health problems.

Myra Levine

Conservation Model

Nursing helps patients conserve energy and maintain structural, personal, and social integrity.

Joyce Travelbee

Human-to-Human Relationship Model

Nursing involves establishing a meaningful human connection with the patient, especially in suffering and illness.

Katharine Kolcaba

Comfort Theory

Nursing aims to improve the patient's comfort physically, psychologically, socially, and environmentally.

Dr. Carmencita Abaquin

Prepare Me Theory

Sister Letty Kuan

Retirement and Role Discontinuities Theory

Dr. Rozzano Locsin

Technological Competency