1 - Gross: Overview + Basics

Median Plane

Passes longitudinally through the body

Sagittal Planes

Run parallel to the median plane

Frontal (Coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior

Oblique Planes

Diagonal cuts / random divisions

Interomedial

Nearer to the feet, and nearer to the median plane

Superolateral

Nearer to the head and further from median plane

Proximal

Nearer to point of origin

Distal

Further from point of origin

Bilateral

Paired structures with right and left members

Unilateral

Occuring on one side only

Ipsilateral

Occuring on same side of the body

Contralateral

Occuring on opposite sides of the body

Epidermis

Keratinized, stratified epithelium which constantly sheds and is replaced after 25 to 45 days

Dermis

Formed by a dense layer of collagen and elastic fibers

Subcutaneous Tissue

Composed of loose connective tissue and fat; skin ligaments provide connection to underlying fascia

Deep Fascia

Dense, organized connective tissue layer, devoid of fat

Retinacula

Deep fascia - holds joints in place during movement

Bursae

Fluid filled sacs which prevent friction

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the head, neck and trunk

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

Aricular Cartilage

caps the bones participating in synovial joints

Compact Bone

Thin dense layer surrounding the outside of bone

Trabecular Bone

Spongy / less dense; forms the central mass of bone

Medullary Cavity

Space for marrow in the center of bone

Periosteum

Fibrous connective tissue covering which surrounds bone

Perichodrium

Tissue surrounding cartilage (except articular)

Heterotopic Bone

Sometimes forms in soft tissue where bone is not normally present

Long Bones

Tubular structures (humerus, phalanges)

Short bones

Cuboidal; found in ankles / wrist

Flat bones

Serve protective functions (cranium)

Irregular bones

(ex. face) bones with various shapes

Sesasmoid bones

(patella) develop in certain tendons

Condyle

Rounded, articular area (ex. in the femur)

Crest

Ridge of bone (illiac)

Epicondyle

Eminence superior to a condyle (ex. in the humerus)

Facet

Smooth flat area (cartilage covered) where two bones articulate

Foramen

Passage through a bone

Fossa

Hollow or depressed area

Linea

Linear elevation

Malleolus

Rounded prominence (ex. in the fibula)

Notch

Indentation at the edge of a bone

Process

Projecting spine-like portion

Protuberance

Projection of bone (ex. occipital)

Spine

Thorn-like process

Trochanter

Large blunt elevation (ex. in the femur)

Tubercle

Small, raised eminence (ex. in the humerus)

Tuberosity

Large, rounded elevation (ex. ischial- hip bone)

Mesenchyme

Embryonic connective tissue which bone is derived from

Intramembranous Ossification

Direct ossification of the mesenchyme

Endochondral Ossification

Bone forms to replace cartilage

Periosteal bud

Formed when bolld vessels associate with blood-forming cells

Diaphysis

The shaft of bone ossified from a primary ossification center

Epiphyses

Ossified from secondary ossification centers

Metaphysis

The flared part of the diaphysis, nearest to the epiphysis

Fibrous Joints

Articulations between bones using fibrous tissue

Syndesmosis

Type of fibrous joint uniting bones with a sheet of fibrous tissue

Gomphosis

Type of fibrous joint found in teeth

Cartiaginous Joints

United by hyaline cartilage

Synchondroses

Permit growth of length of bone / allow slight bending until epipysial plate converts to bone

Symphyses

Strong, slightly mobile joints

Synovial Joints

The most common type of joint

Pennate Muscle

Feather like muscle arrangement

Fusiform muscles

Spindle shaped muscles - tapered ends

Parallel Muscles

Flat, with parallel fibers

Convergent Muscles

Broad attachment from which fasicles conervege into single tendon

Circular Muscles

Surround Body opening / orifice

Digastric Muscles

Feature two bellies in series, sharing common intermediate tendon

Isometric contraction

Muscle length remains the same

Isotonic contration

muscle length changes

Concentric

Muscle shortening

Eccentric

Muscle lengthening

Endomysium

Connective tissue covering individule muscle fibers

Perimysium

Covers a group of muscle fibers

Epimysium

Surrounds the entire muscle