MMW Final Key Terms

Absolutism

• Late 17th century

• drive towards state consolidation of power

  • Ruler has political supremacy

  • Growing centralization of state

• Military revolution and bureaucracies

  • Collecting revenues from people

Asiento

• royal slaving contracts granting monopolies trade privileges

• Subcontracted

  • Global activity

Atlantic Africa/Shifting trade/Political patterns

• patterns:

  • Relay system

    • Conquer or make alliances in an area

    • Gain a foothold and reinforcements

    • Continue conquest campaign

  • Terror tactics

  • Indigenous allies

    • Spaniards exploited discontented subjects or enemies

    • Promised them rewards if they won

    • Military and civilian- 100,000s

    • Indigenous allies didn’t expect

      • Permanent socio political subordination

      • Spaniards to live among them

      • To be homogenized as “Indians”

      • Religious beliefs persecuted and destroyed

Barbados

• English Barbados sparks Caribbean sugar revolution

  • Expansion of slave trade

Coffee and the “Age of Reason”

• shift form drinking beer to coffee

  • Drunk → jittery

• Age of reason accompanies the rise of caffeinated beverages

Columbian Exchange

• Spain and Portugal primary role in driving global trade

  • Orientation towards Europe

• Portuguese= the grocer king

  • Portuguese supplant

    • Genoese

    • Traders

    • Merchant bankers

  • Almost like amazon

• Uneven exchange

  • introduction of diseases and slavery

    • 1500-1700 doubled silver stock Europe

      • Growth of regional economies

        • Promoted production and trade

• Infusion of silver

  • Farmers

  • Manufacturers

  • Merchant

    • Invest, sell, and grow

Colonialism

• metropole

  • Exploits colony

    • People/labo

  • Controls trade

  • Profits from colony’s resources

• Colony

  • Source of raw materials

  • Captive market for finished goods

  • No domestic infrastructure unrelated to trade

Columbus

• maritime experience

  • Mediterranean

  • Lisbon

    • Lives here for a bit

  • Iceland

  • African coast

• Resources ($$)

• Connections

  • Noble marriage

• Experienced sailor

Creole Ascendancy

• Creoles: Individuals born in the colony with families from metropole

• Prosper financially and take on important government/financial roles

• See themselves as British/spanish

• Desire rights of citizens of “metropole”

Disease and Conquest Americas

• Eurasia

  • Thirteen big domesticated animal species

• Americas

  • Camelids

• No immunity to Afro Eurasian zoonotic diseases

• Epidemics

  • Smallpox, measles, Black Death, typhus, influenza

• Death: 80-90% of population in first 100 years

• Travels south; ahead Iberians

  • Brought by native peoples in contact with Iberians

  • Weakened military opposition

    • unable to impose allegiance through war

Door of No Return

• process of taking African people from their home communities (Kongo kingdoms) and sending them to countries for enslaved labor

• Board ship, never return

Enlightenment

• 18th century

• Intellectual movement growing from the scientific revolution

  • Stressed knowledge dissemination

• Questioned traditional authorities and statues quo

• Rise in newspapers and coffee houses

  • Disseminate info

  • Coffee house= public storage

    • Can start rumors

    • Access to newspapers

    • Meeting space for all levels of society

Evolution of Science

• central to society

  • Theology was center before, prior to 1500

    • Marginal activity

    • Isolated

evolution of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

• movement of people, goods, services, capital, and credit

  • Goods wanted: Guns and gunpowder, Asian textiles, cowry shells, rum, and tobacco

• Evolution of plantation agriculture

• Exploitative to make a porfit

• Form of racial chattel slavery

  • Form of property

  • Concepts of Rae

  • System of labor

• Expands beyond Iberia

• 1619= slaves in Virginia

• 1713= British asiento

• 1500-1870

  • 15th century: beginning

  • 16th-17th century= expansion

  • 18th= peak

    • Growth powered by plantation/trade complex

  • 45,000 voyages and 1,500,000 die in middle passage

Iberian Reconquest Model

• full conquest of an area

• Permanent rule

• Substantial immigration

• Sustained and intimate contact with local populations

• Imposition of Christianity

  • Christian Spain against Muslim Spain

  • Coexistence

Kingdom of Kongo

• sell foreign born captives

  • Slavery in Africa

  • Don’t sell locals

Little Ice Age

• unusually cold and dry weather

  • Shorter growing season

Mediterranean Fort Trade Model

• factories (forts)

• Coastal

• Trade with local populations

  • Smaller, less invasive model

  • Primarily sites of commercial exchange

• Continued exploration

Merchant Capitalism

• accumulation of capital through movement of commodities

• Cheap to expensive markets

  • Merchants buy goods for cheap and sell them for more Thant hey were bought for

• Forced and exploited labor

• During columbian exchange

Nao de China

• Distribution of South East Asian goods to the Americas

  • India- cotton

  • China- porcelain, religious items

  • Persia- rugs

  • Moluccas- spices

• Traded through the Manila galleon

new conquest history/old conquest history

• old conquest history

  • Outdated historical narrative was based on the Spanish conquistadors perspective

• New conquest history

  • Tech (guns) still important

    • Not as decisive

  • Role of disease

  • Indigenous allies

    • Soldiers and in other capacities

”New World” Crops, Ming China

• Introduction of new crops

  • Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts

  • From Americas imported through trade

  • Product of columbian exchange

Pacific Trade

• silver to Asia

  • Exchange

    • Silks, porcelains, spices, finished goods

Plantation Trading Complex

• engine of trans-Atlantic slavery

• Focuses on key commodities especially sugar and enslaved people

• 2/3 African brought to Mediterranean and Atlantic to produce sugar cane

Protein-Rich crop theory

• transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary

  • Varied by region

    • Middle East

      • Protein rich crops (barley, wheat, garbanzo beans)

      • Convert to sedentism easily

        • Sedentism→

          • Germs and resistance to germs

            • Animals help move crops

          • Weapons

            • Steel

    • Latin America

      • Maize- initially poor crop beans

      • Don’t have same hearty crop

• Afro-Eurasian sedentary societies have a head start

Religious Reinvigoration/Reforms

• Intra-faith schisms

• Reform of existing religions

• Developed new spiritual practices

• Created new religions

Science and Empire

• overthrows long-established forms of knowledge and generates new views of natural world

• Unprecedented acceleration of scientific knowledge

• Transforms from marginal and isolated practice to major social, cultural, political, and economic force

• Mixture of local and scholarly knowledge

  • Periodization: 1500-1750?

Scientific expeditions

• Used to disseminate scientific knowledge

Second Colonial Wave

• 17th century

• Mainly done by the Dutch, English, French, and Danish

  • Adapted their shipbuilding and established North Atlantic seaports

• Used plantation charters and trading companies

  • Profit off of trade- merchant capitalism

Seven Years War

• French and Indian wars

• First global war

• Multiple continents and seas

• Redistribution of balance of power in Europe

  • British supremacy

  • Foreshadows colonial rebellions

    • Sense of autonomy

Silver production and global currency

• Became more widespread than gold

  • Rare and durable

• Fuel global economy and increase trade and wealth

  • Driven by spectrums of forced labor

    • Especially amerindians

    • Long and labor intensive production

• Indigenous expertise help Europeans finds silver

  • Not always credited

• Becomes widely used by other countries

  • Japan and Ming China

    • Japan is2nd largest source of silver in 16th century

Single Whip

• Ming Chinese Tax in the form of silver rather than crops (rice)

  • Sparks global demand for silver

• Transforms from paper money system to silver based economy

Social Standing/Hierarchy in Colonies

• Social standing

  • Society organized into hierarchy

    • Elite status- distinct criteria in colony from metropole

  • Colony

    • Place of origin

      • Colonists born in metropole

        • Highest rank

      • Colonists born in “America”

  • Phenotype: resemblance to dominant culture affects social standing

    • “Closer” resemblance to dominant culture= more opportunities

• Social hierarchy- New France

  • Administrative/military families

  • Commercial agents

  • Habitants

  • Engages and servants

  • Outside of this= native people

Spectrums of Forced Labor

• Encomienda

  • Grant of labor and tribute

  • Encomendero

    • In return of labor provide protection and conversion to Christianity

• Repartimiento

  • Seasonal draft labor

  • Should be paid

  • Human carrier

  • Mine labor

  • Build roads

  • Exploitative

    • Overworked

    • Abused

    • Work on projects for metropole

      • Not for localS

• Tribute

  • Coin or kind

    • Gold, ,food, cloth

  • Native women

    • Earn money

    • Produces

• Slavery

• Indentured Servitude

  • Engages New France

  • Immigrants

    • High 20% of workforce before e1760

    • 3 years contracts

    • Cared for livestock

    • Built and maintained buildings

Sugar Production

• sugar= commodity wanted by the colonial powers

  • From plantation system

    • High rate of morality

• Demand for trade in old world= heavy exploitation in the new world through plantation characters

  • Slaves or indentured

  • Indigenous and African workers

Treaty of Alcacovas

• Official European dominion

  • Right to divide and conquer based on conquest or “discovery”

  • No consent from indigenous peoples

    • Assumes they’l just become subjects

• Spain recognizes Portuguese possessions in Africa

  • “North/south line”