Geography Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards based on lecture notes about geography, including latitude/longitude, map scales, plate tectonics, population, and resource management.

What are lines of Latitude?

Invisible lines that run east and west, measuring north to south from the equator (0 degrees) to the poles (90 degrees). They are also called parallels.

What are lines of Longitude?

Invisible lines that run north to south, measuring west and east from the Prime Meridian. These lines are not parallel and converge at the International Date Line.

What is Absolute Location?

This allows finding an exact location on Earth using lines of longitude and latitude.

What was the Meridian Conference?

A conference in 1884 where scientists and geographers discussed and established time zones based on Earth's rotation.

What are large scale maps?

Maps that cover small areas with great detail, such as amusement park maps.

What are small scale maps?

Maps that cover large areas with little detail, such as world maps or country maps.

What do you do to convert from cm to km?

Multiplying by 100,000.

What do you do to convert from km to cm?

Dividing by 100,000.

What is a direct scale?

A scale conversion shown as a statement, e.g., 1 cm = 100 km.

What is a representative fraction?

Scale shown as a fraction, e.g., 1:1000.

What is a linear scale?

A visual representation of a scale.

What are Atlantic Centered Projections/Mercator Maps?

Maps shaped as a rectangle with straight lines of longitude and latitude at right angles; accurate at the equator but distorts the poles.

What are Conic Maps?

Maps that depict angular distance between meridians, showing the circular nature of Earth while distorting the poles; ideal for viewing hemispheres.

What is an Azimuthal map?

Depicts the sphere shape of Earth and is good for finding distances but has polar distortions.

What are Robinson's Projections?

An attempt to make the world look 'right' with distortions at the poles.

What is Transverse Mercator?

Works well in small areas and typical topography maps, geologic and geological service maps

What is a social issue?

How an issue affects people, culture, and population.

What is an economic issue?

The cost of having or dealing with an issue.

What is an environmental issue?

How an issue affects the natural environment.

What is a political issue?

Examines the people or organizations that have the power to influence an issue.

What are Subduction Zones?

A geological boundary where one tectonic plate slides under another and high magnitude earthquakes happen.

What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?

Earth's continents and oceans sit on numerous plates that are constantly moving, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and rift valleys.

What are Convection Currents?

Uneven distributions of heat in the mantle (asthenosphere).

What is Discontinuous Ecumene?

Population is sparsely distributed.

What is Continuous Ecumene?

Population is densely distributed.

What are the solid levels in true soil?

Topsoil (HA), subsoil (HB), and parent material (HC).

What is leached soil?

Soil found in wet climates where water movement drives nutrients past rocks, causing smaller/thinner topsoil.

What is calcified soil?

Soil found in dry climates with increased evaporation, causing greater topsoil and poisonous plants.

What are maritime climates?

Flat temperature line, heavy winter precipitation (over 1000 mm).

What are continental climates?

Steep temperature lines, heavy summer precipitation (under 1000 mm).

What are modified continental climates?

Moderate temperature lines, evenly distributed precipitation (around 1000 mm).

How is temperature range calculated?

Maximum temperature minus minimum temperature.

What is the jet stream?

A narrow front boundary/current of air separating polar air from tropical air.

Who is the skilled worker class?

Individuals with specific skills and experience who are fast-tracked through the immigration system.

Who is the Canadian experience class?

Someone who has worked in Canada before.

Who is the skilled trade class?

Attracts immigrants with specific trades who meet certain conditions (job offer, language skills, experience, qualifications).

Who is the start-up visa applicant?

Someone who wishes to start a business in Canada and meets specific requirements (education, language skills, funding, money).

Who is the humanitarian class?

Individuals escaping war or persecution who apply as refugees.

Who is the social class applicant?

Individuals with a family member in Canada who will be financially responsible for them.

How is population growth rate calculated?

NMR (net migration rate) + NI (natural increase).

How is the Rule of 70 calculated?

70 divided by the population growth rate percentage.

What is sustainability?

The capacity to maintain or improve resources for present and future generations by balancing environmental protection, social equity, and economic development.

What is the vertical city concept?

Buying smaller lots of land and building up, this created skyscrapers.

What is the indicator rock for finding diamonds?

An igneous rock called kimberlite pipe.

What impact did glaciation have in the extraction of diamonds?

The movement of the kimberlite pipe.

What are Archons?

Large areas of rock billions of years old known to have kimberlite pipe.

What caused the Cod Fisheries Collapse in Canada?

Lack of foreign fishing treaties, improved fishing technology, damaging fishing practices, changes in the natural environment, and overfishing.

What is a basic industry?

Jobs that bring money into cities.

What are non-basic industries?

Industries found anywhere that circulate money through the community's economy.

What is the multiplier effect?

Basic industry jobs which create money from the non-basic industry jobs since employers at the basic industry pay for stuff at non basic industry jobs

What are renewable resources?

Resources that can be regenerated at the same rate that humans are using them

What are nonrenewable resources?

Resources that cannot being produced at the same time we are using them

What are flow resources?

Resources constantly being produced by nature supply will never be damaged

What are other resources?

Resources that do not fit in just one category, typically used as tourist attractions

What is extensive farming?

Farming using large areas of cheap land outside city limits, producing non-perishable items and requiring many employees.

What is intensive farming?

Farming near cities on small areas of expensive land, producing perishable goods and requiring few employees.

What is Dutch disease?

When the currency of a nation is driven by the growth of exports of a natural resourcethe appreciation of the currency makes other exports more expensive for foreign buyers and in ports cheaper making those sectors less competitive

What is clear cutting?

Cutting down all the trees in one area, which is cheap and quick but bad for the environment.

What is shelterwood cutting?

Selecting trees based on their seeds

What is selective cutting?

Trees are cut based on age and size, the best option for the environment but is the most expensive and takes a lot of time.

Which area is found at Plate Boundaries movement?

Most tectonically active areas on Earth where the largest mountain ranges deepest ocean trenches and most of sitting natural disasters can be found

What is Convergent Plate Boundaries?

Two plates collide into each other happen slowly, usually only creating slight Tremors along the Earth's crust

What are Continental and oceanic convergent boundaries?

Forces the dancer oceanic plate to submerge under the continental plate usually smooth and stable as this bedrock from the oceanic plate will be driven into the mantle where the raw will melt into magma and be recycled at a Divergent Bearer all the subduction zone tension equals earthquakes this interaction can also push on the continental plate or seeing the land of creating fold mountains

What are Continental and continental convergent boundaries?

Convergence of two continental plates also called the subduction zone as one plate submerges The Rock will recycle as it arrives the mantle it will cause lots of pressure on the other plate the rock that does not submerge must be a fold fault or double fall

What are Divergent Plate Boundaries?

Slowly pull apart from one another as the plate splits apart that boy that is created is replaced with magma from the mantle this Magma's created from newly submerged rocks at the subduction zones the plates at these boundaries get larger occur at the mid Oceanic Ridge in the Atlantic Oceans most volcanoes happen at these boundaries

What are Transform Plate Boundaries?

Also known as conservative boundaries plates don't become larger or smaller plates from parallel to one another very smooth the tension and build up if plates are locked in place for many years once tension is released and the plates begin to move causing damaging earthquakes not as catastrophic as subduction earthquakes though coming within a plate that has experienced a fault

What does Birth Rate mean?

A high birth rate means a developing country while a love birth rate means a developed country

What does Death Rate mean?

A high death rate means a developing country while a love death rate means a developed country

What does Net Migration Rate mean?

A higher net migration rate means a developed country and opportunities a lower that migration rate means a developing country and conflict

What does Natural Increase mean?

A high natural increase means a developing country a low natural increase means developed countries

What is an Unstable Pyramid Population?

Characterized by high birth and death rates, resulting in a pyramid with a wide base and a narrow top. This indicates a large proportion of young people and a smaller proportion of older people. There's poor health care, famine disease, War droughts, women like opportunity and it is an agricultural economy. There is very little population growth. It is a developing country.

What is an Expanding Population?

Death rates start to decline while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. The pyramid widens further at the base, indicating a larger proportion of young people and a growing population. medicine is an available economy and there is rapid population growth. It is a developing country with a young dependent population.

What is a stable population pyramid?

Birth rates begin to decline, and the population continues to grow, but at a slower rate. The pyramid starts to narrow at the base, and the middle age groups become more prominent. Woman have opportunities economy has shifted to Urban medical improvements have been shown population growth rate is high it is a late developing country young workers are dominant age groups standard of living is improving and people are deciding to have less children

What is a Stationary population pyramid?

Both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable or slowly growing population. The pyramid becomes more rectangular, with a relatively even distribution across age groups, although the base may still be slightly wider than the top. Women are pursuing careers married later they're having less Children Healthcare is Advanced Society is well developed country older age group dominates and population is growing slowly.

What is a declining population pyramid?

Birth rates fall below death rates, leading to a population decline. The pyramid may take on a narrower, even inverted shape, with a smaller base than the middle and upper age groups. Woman Pursuit careers is a graying Society only connected by immigration dominant age group is older it is a developed country threatened by economic uncertainty population growth is decreasing.