Overview of the Early Republic and Antebellum Period (1800-1848)

This set of flashcards covers important events, concepts, and terms associated with the Early Republic and Antebellum period in American history from 1800 to 1848.

Louisiana Purchase Year

1803

Louisiana Purchase Acquirer

The United States purchased Louisiana.

Louisiana Purchase Seller

The United States purchased Louisiana from France.

Louisiana Purchase Impact on US Size

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

Louisiana Purchase Consequence (Expansion)

The Louisiana Purchase spurred westward expansion.

Marbury v. Madison Year

The Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case occurred in 1803.

Marbury v. Madison Principle Established

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.

Monroe Doctrine Year

The Monroe Doctrine was declared in 1823.

Monroe Doctrine Warning Content

The Monroe Doctrine warned European powers against further colonization or interference in the Americas.

Corrupt Bargain Event

The 'Corrupt Bargain' refers to the controversial election of 1824.

Corrupt Bargain Presidential Outcome

In the 'Corrupt Bargain' election of 1824, John Quincy Adams was chosen as president.

Corrupt Bargain Controversy

John Quincy Adams became president in 1824 despite losing the popular vote to Andrew Jackson.

Seneca Falls Convention Year

The Seneca Falls Convention occurred in 1848.

Seneca Falls Convention Significance

The Seneca Falls Convention marked the beginning of the women's rights movement in the U.S.

Seneca Falls Convention Key Document

The Seneca Falls Convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments.

Emancipation Definition

Emancipation is the process of freeing enslaved individuals.

Emancipation Support Context

The process of freeing enslaved individuals began gaining support in the North.

Emancipation Timeline

Support for emancipation grew leading up to the Civil War.

Second Great Awakening Nature

The Second Great Awakening was a religious revival.

Second Great Awakening Period

The Second Great Awakening primarily occurred in the 1840s.

Second Great Awakening Impact

The Second Great Awakening inspired various social reform movements.

War of 1812 Participants

The War of 1812 was a conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain.

War of 1812 Duration

The War of 1812 lasted from 1812 to 1815.

War of 1812 Outcome (Nationalism)

The War of 1812 resulted in increased American nationalism.

War of 1812 Alternative Name

The War of 1812 is often referred to as the 'Second War of Independence.'

American Revolutionary War Goal

The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) established initial American independence.

War of 1812 Sovereignty Impact

The War of 1812 confirmed the young nation's ability to defend its rights and territory.

British Interferences Leading to War of 1812

British interferences, such as impressment of sailors and support for Native American resistance, contributed to the War of 1812.

Jacksonian Democracy Era

The era of Jacksonian Democracy is primarily associated with President Andrew Jackson (1829-1837).

Jacksonian Democracy 'Common Man' Power

Jacksonian Democracy was characterized by an increase in political power for the 'common man.'

Jacksonian Democracy Voting Changes

During Jacksonian Democracy, property requirements for voting were lowered.

Jacksonian Democracy 'Spoils System'

The 'spoils system' of political appointments was a characteristic of Jacksonian Democracy.

Jacksonian Democracy Executive Power

Jacksonian Democracy emphasized executive power.

Jacksonian Democracy Impact on Political Norms

Jacksonian Democracy reshaped American political participatory norms.

Nullification Crisis Years

The Nullification Crisis was a major confrontation from 1832-1833.

Nullification Crisis Initiator

The Nullification Crisis was initiated by South Carolina.

Nullification Crisis Leader

John C. Calhoun led South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis.

Nullification Crisis Main Action

South Carolina declared federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832 'null and void' within its borders during the Nullification Crisis.

President Jackson's Response to Nullification Crisis

President Andrew Jackson responded to the Nullification Crisis with military threats and the Force Bill.

Nullification Crisis Resolution

The Nullification Crisis was ultimately resolved by a compromise tariff proposed by Henry Clay.

Underlying Issue of Nullification Crisis

The Nullification Crisis highlighted tensions over states' rights vs. federal power.

Tribes Affected by Indian Removal

The Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (collectively 'Five Civilized Tribes') were forcibly removed during the 1830s.

Approximate Number Removed in Trail of Tears

Approximately 16,000 Native Americans were forcibly removed during the Trail of Tears.

Destination of Indian Removal

Native Americans were forcibly removed from the southeastern U.S. to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

Indian Removal Act Year

The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1830.

President Responsible for Indian Removal Act

President Andrew Jackson orchestrated the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Cherokee Removal Year

The Cherokee removal, a key part of the Trail of Tears, occurred in 1838.

Trail of Tears Consequences

The Trail of Tears resulted in the deaths of thousands from disease, starvation, and exposure.

Bank War Years

President Andrew Jackson's intense political struggle against the Second Bank of the United States, known as the Bank War, occurred from 1832-1836.

Jackson's View of Second Bank

President Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as unconstitutional, corrupt, and overly powerful, benefiting the wealthy elite.

Jackson's Bank War Advisor

Amos Kendall was a key advisor to President Jackson during the Bank War.

Jackson's Action Against Bank Charter

In 1832, President Jackson successfully vetoed the Second Bank's recharter bill.

Jackson's Action Against Bank Funds

President Jackson withdrew federal deposits from the Second Bank of the United States.

Outcome of Bank War (Bank's Fate)

The Bank War led to the decline of the Second Bank of the United States.

Outcome of Bank War (Banking Power)

The Bank War contributed to the decentralization of banking power.

Outcome of Bank War (Economy)

The Bank War destabilized the economy, preceding the Panic of 1837.

Specie Circular Issuer

The Specie Circular executive order was issued by President Andrew Jackson.

Specie Circular Year

The Specie Circular was issued in 1836.

Specie Circular Requirement

The Specie Circular required all purchases of public lands to be made with 'specie' (gold or silver).

Specie Circular Purpose

The Specie Circular was intended to curb land speculation and inflation.

Specie Circular Impact on Credit

The Specie Circular severely restricted credit.

Specie Circular Impact on Land Prices

The Specie Circular made land more expensive.

Specie Circular Link to Panic of 1837

The Specie Circular was a significant contributing factor to the Panic of 1837.

Panic of 1837 Nature

The Panic of 1837 was a severe economic depression.

Panic of 1837 Start Year

The Panic of 1837 began in 1837.

Panic of 1837 Duration

The Panic of 1837 lasted several years.

Causes of Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 was triggered by Jackson's 'Bank War,' the 'Specie Circular,' British financial policies, and over-speculation in land.

Consequences of Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 led to widespread bank failures, business closures, high unemployment, and significant economic hardship.

Whig Party Formation

The Whig Party formed in the early 1830s in opposition to Andrew Jackson's policies.

Whig Party Core Beliefs

The Whig Party advocated for a strong federal government, protective tariffs, national banks, and internal improvements.

Whig Party Vision for Federal Role

The Whig Party believed in a more active federal role in economic development and moral reform.

Key Leaders of the Whig Party

Prominent leaders of the Whig Party included Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Quincy Adams.

Democratic Party (Jacksonian Era) Leader

The Democratic Party during the Jacksonian Era was principally led by Andrew Jackson.

Democratic Party (Jacksonian Era) Formation

The Democratic Party led by Andrew Jackson formed in the late 1820s.

Democratic Party (Jacksonian Era) Core Beliefs

The Jacksonian Democratic Party advocated for states' rights, a limited federal government, and the interests of the 'common man' (farmers, laborers).

Democratic Party (Jacksonian Era) Oppositions

The Jacksonian Democratic Party opposed national banks, protective tariffs, and federal funding for internal improvements.

Key Leaders of the Democratic Party (Jacksonian)

Leading figures of the Jacksonian Democratic Party included Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren.

Whig vs. Democrat (Federal Power)

Whigs favored a strong federal government, while Democrats favored a limited federal government and states' rights.

Whig vs. Democrat (National Bank)

Whigs supported a national bank, while Democrats opposed it.

Whig vs. Democrat (Internal Improvements)

Whigs favored federally funded internal improvements, while Democrats opposed them.

Cotton Gin Inventor

The Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney.

Cotton Gin Invention Year

The Cotton Gin was invented in 1793.

Cotton Gin Function

The Cotton Gin efficiently separated cotton fibers from their seeds.

Cotton Gin Economic Impact (Profitability)

The Cotton Gin made cotton production vastly more profitable.

Cotton Gin Social Impact (Demand)

The Cotton Gin dramatically increased the demand for raw cotton.

Cotton Gin Tragic Impact (Slavery)

The Cotton Gin tragically intensified and expanded the institution of slavery to meet labor needs.

Erie Canal Completion Year

The Erie Canal was completed in 1825.

Erie Canal Length

The Erie Canal was a 363-mile artificial waterway.

Erie Canal Connection

The Erie Canal connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie.

Erie Canal Impact on Transportation

The Erie Canal revolutionized transportation in the North.

Erie Canal Key Engineer

Key individuals like Benjamin Wright engineered the Erie Canal.

Erie Canal Impact on Costs & Travel

The Erie Canal dramatically reduced freight costs and travel times.

Erie Canal Impact on Trade Routes

The Erie Canal facilitated the flow of goods and people between the East Coast and the Midwest.

Erie Canal Impact on NYC

The Erie Canal transformed New York City into a major economic hub.

Erie Canal Further Developments

The Erie Canal spurred further canal and railroad construction.

Market Revolution Overview

The Market Revolution was a profound economic transformation in the U.S. during the early-to-mid 19th century (1800-1840s).

Market Revolution Economic Shift

The Market Revolution shifted the U.S. from an agrarian, local, and subsistence economy to a national, industrial, and commercial market.

Market Revolution Driver: Transportation

Significant improvements in transportation (canals, steamboats, railroads) were primary drivers of the Market Revolution.

Market Revolution Driver: Technology

Key technological innovations (Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin, interchangeable parts) were primary drivers of the Market Revolution.

Market Revolution Consequence: Labor Specialization

The Market Revolution led to increased specialization of labor.