AB MACHINERY AND MACHINEZATION

Agricultural Machinery

refers to the application, use, and management of various agricultural machines, tools, and equipment used for production and post-production operations

Agricultural Mechanization

refers to the development, manufacture, and extension of appropriate agricultural tools, implements, and machinery using human, animal, mechanical, electrical, and renewable energy sources

Agricultural Field Equipment

general classification of agricultural machinery refers to equipment designed primarily for agricultural field operations

Manufacturer-Dealer

classification manufactures its own line of products but may also sell consigned farm machinery and equipment

Manufacturer

Produces one or several types of farm machinery and usually does not sell products from other manufacturers

Manufacturer-Dealer

Manufactures its own products but also sells consigned or externally sourced items, such as engines, pumps, pump sets, and other farm machines

Dealer

Sells several items and brands from different sources and is not usually engaged in manufacturing or fabrication

Welding

the process of joining pieces of metal by means of heat, pressure, or a combination of both

Soldering

common method of joining metal sheets, especially non-ferrous metals, using a relatively low temperature. Temperature is about 427°C

Flux

applied to remove or prevent oxidation

Corrosive flux

acid-based

Non-corrosive flux

rosin-based

Brazing

metal-joining process in which a non-ferrous filler metal is melted at a temperature

Oxyacetylene Welding

gas welding process that uses oxygen and acetylene to generate enough heat to melt and join metals by fusion

Resistance Welding

uses heat generated by electrical resistance as electric current passes through a small contact area between metals.

Arc Welding

welding process using a high electric current to create an arc between the electrode and the workpiece

MIG Welding (Metal Inert Gas Welding)

uses a continuous roll-fed welding wire and shielding gas to prevent oxidation

TIG Welding (Tungsten Inert Gas Welding)

uses a tungsten electrode. Similar to oxyacetylene welding because the filler rod is fed separately by the opposite hand

Annealing

heat treatment process involves heating the metal and then cooling it slowly to improve machinability and ductility

Quenching

heat treatment process is primarily used to increase the hardness of steel through rapid cooling

Heat treatment

controlled heating and cooling of metals to alter their structure and mechanical properties

Annealing

Slow cooling, Soften and improve machinability

Normalizing

Air cooling, Refine structure and improve strength

Quenching

Rapid cooling, Increase hardness

Tempering

Reheat after quenching, then cool, Reduce brittleness and improve toughness

Quenching to Tempering

sequence most appropriate when a steel component must first be hardened and then made less brittle

Cam

A device that produces a specific or intermittent motion in a member called the follower.

Bushing

A replaceable lining or sleeve used in a bearing to reduce wear and support a shaft.

Washer

A thin plate placed under a nut or bolt head to distribute load, protect surfaces, or help prevent loosening

Fastener

A device used to secure machine components together while allowing assembly and disassembly

Key

A machine element used to secure pulleys, sprockets, or gears to a shaft and transmit torque.

Pin

A fastening element used to locate, secure, or connect machine components

Extension Spring

A spring that works in tension and assists in lifting or adjusting heavy implements

Compression Spring

A spring that resists compressive force and returns components to position

Torsion Spring

A spring that works by twisting to provide rotational force

Shaft

A rotating machine member, usually circular in cross-section, used to transmit power, torque, or motion

Trademark

refers to a mark, symbol, or device used by a manufacturer or seller to identify its products and distinguish them from others

Trade Name / Brand Name

The name given to a product by a manufacturer to identify it as a product of that company

Model

Indicates the machine type, size, or a particular improvement or new design

High land area to farmer ratio (USA Model)

Motivated into increasing the level of mechanization in order to cultivate large agricultural lands with limited available manpower and take advantage of favorable agricultural commodity prices. Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia follow the ____

Low land area to farmer ratio (Japanese Model)

Motivated into increasing the level of mechanization in order to increase yields and cropping intensities to meet the growing demands for food and agricultural raw materials. South Korea, China, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and the Philippines follow the _____

Agriculture 1.0

Characterized by simple tools, manual and animal labor. Farmers used knowledge of the land, weather patterns, and traditional farming practices passed down through generations

Agriculture 2.0

Also called the "Green Revolution" due to a large increase in crop yield and productivity. Introduction of machinery, Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Agriculture 3.0

Also known as precision agriculture, Used GPS, remote sensing, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Created precise maps to apply fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation only where and when needed

Agriculture 4.0

Driven by technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and big data analytics

Two smaller machines

When purchasing production equipment, which arrangement provides greater operational reliability?

Disc harrow

tillage implement primarily used for secondary tillage

Primary Tillage

Involves initial cutting, breaking, and inversion of the soil. • Implements: Moldboard, disc, chisel plows, and subsoilers. • Depth: 6 to 36 inches. Commonly referred to as plowing

Secondary Tillage

Focuses on further breaking, pulverizing, and leveling the soil to prepare it for planting. • Implements: Disc harrows, spike-tooth harrows, and spring-tooth harrows. Depth: 3 to 6 inches. Commonly referred to as harrowing

General-Purpose Tillage

Combines primary and secondary tillage in a single operation. Implements: Rotavators and floating tillers. Depth: Up to 6 inches. Commonly referred to as rotavating/rototilling

Secondary tillage

Which tillage operation is typically performed at a depth of 3 to 6 inches?

General-purpose tillage

tillage operation is commonly referred to as rotavating or rototilling

Furrow slice

term describes the strip of soil that is cut, lifted, inverted, and thrown to one side by the plow

Dead furrow

Refers to the trench left equal to two furrows when furrow slices are thrown on opposite sides

Land

unplowed soil

Furrow slice

soil cut, lifted, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom

Furrow

trench or canal left by the furrow slice

Back furrow

raised ridged when two furrow slices overlap each other

Dead furrow

trench left equal to two furrows when furrow slices are thrown on opposite sides

Furrow wall

unbroken side of the furrow

Share

Which part of a moldboard plow is responsible for cutting the soil during plowing?

6-18 inches

A moldboard plow is primarily designed to cut the soil to what depth?

Moldboard plow

one of the oldest and most important agricultural equipment for land preparation. It cuts the soil to a depth of 6" to 18

Share

provides the cutting edge of the plow bottom.

Moldboard

receives the furrowslice from the share; lifts, inverts and throws it to one side of the plow bottom

Landside

counteracts the side pressure exerted by the furrowslice on the plow bottom

Vertical clearance

bend downward of the point of the share to make the plow penetrate the soil to the proper depth

Horizontal clearance

bend outward or sideward of the point of the share towards the unplowed land to make the plow cut the proper width

Disc plow

it was developed in an effort to reduce friction in the sliding moldboard plow bottom by using a rotating ___ bottom

Disc

round and concave disc of heat-hardened steel with sharpened edges to cut the soil. It is rotated by the soil during soil cutting

Scraper

curved plate placed on the concave side of the disc to scrape off the soil and throw it on one side of the plow bottom

Rear furrow wheel

rear wheel that presses against the furrow wall to resist the side pressure exerted by the soil against the plow

Tilt angle

angle of a disc plow determines the proper depth of soil penetration?

42°-45°

recommended range of the disc angle in a disc plow?

Tilt angle

angle the disc makes with the vertical to make the disc penetrate the soil to the proper depth (15 - 25 degrees)

Disc angle

angle the disc makes with the direction of travel to make the disc cut the proper width and allow the disc to rotate (42 - 45 degrees).

15°-25°

recommended range of the tilt angle in a disc plow?

m

In formula SWEff/10, the W is the effective width in what unit?

Return plowing

moves two-way in a longitudinal direction. Gathering plowing and casting plowing are included in this method

Gathering plowing

plowing starts at the center line of the field

Casting plowing

plowing starts from the outer side of the field

Round-about plowing

field is plowed in continuous circuits, starting from either the center of the field field or from the outer edge.

Plowing from outside

plowing is at the corner field, and the circuit proceeds inwards, turning the slice toward the outer side

Plowing from center

a small square is first plowed in the same way as gathering plowing, then circuits proceeds outwards, turning the furrow slice toward the center

One-way plowing

the land is plowed in one direction only. This procedure is suitable for hillside plowing

Consecutive plowing

the land is plowed in both directions side by side. This procedure can be practiced by reversible type, turn-wrest type, or symmetric tillage implements such as a two-way type driven disk plow.

Disc gang

In a disc harrow, which component is made up of a number of discs mounted on a common axle

Disc harrow

consists of two or more sets of disc gangs cutting the soil to a depth of 3" to 6"

Single-action disc harrow

consists of two gangs of discs placed end-to end which throws the soil in opposite directions

Double-action disc harrow

consists of four gangs of discs. Two gangs in front as in single -action and two gangs at the rear.

Offset disc harrow

consists of two gangs of disc. One gang located behind the other and operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor

Discs

round and concave discs

Disc gang

an assembly of discs all rotating together on a common shaft (3 -13 discs/gang at 6" - 12 " spacing per disc)

Bumpers

a washer on one of the common shaft to absorb the end thrust of the gang.

Bearings

two to three bearings per gang

Spool

flanged tube inserted on the common shaft between two discs to maintain disc spacing

Bumper

a washer on one of the common shaft to absorb the end thrust of the gang

Scraper

straight or curved plate placed on the concave side of the disc to scrape off the soil

Spike-tooth harrow

consists of long rigid spikes clamped or welded to cross bars on a staggered arrangement to attain maximum stirring and raking of the soil. The cross bars can be rotated to change the angle of the teeth

Spring-tooth harrow

consists of long, flat and curved teeth made from spring steel. The curved teeth are welded to cross bars on a staggered arrangement. The spring characteristic allows the teeth to flex and slide over obstructions