locomotion and movement

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amoeboid movement

macrophages and leucocytes

_______ cytoskeletal movement is involved in amoeboid movement

microfilament

ciliary movement

trachea and fallopian tube

cilia and flagella are outward growth of _____

cell membrane

special properties of muscles

elasticity, excitability, extensibility, and contractility.

muscles which are not under direct control of nervous system

caridac muscles

each organized skeletal muscle fiber is made of number of

fasciles

collagenous connective tissue which holds together the muscle bundles

fascia

presence of large no of parallelly arranged filaments in sarcoplasm called

myofibrils or myofilaments

light band, I band or isotopic band aka

actin

dark band, A band or anisotropic band aka

myosin

center of each I band is an _______ Z line which bisect it

elastic fibers

I Bands firmly attach to

Z line

M line is a thin _______

fibrous membrane

thick filaments are held together in the middle of this band by

M line

functional unit of contraction

sarcomere

which line also represents sarcomere

Z line

the central part of thick filament not overlapped by thin filament is called

H zone

two filaments of protein running close to F actin throughout its length

tropomyosin

a complex protein called troponin distributed at regular intervals on

tropomysosin

troponin has active binding site for

myosin

monomer of myosin filament

meromyosin

head and short arm projects outwards at regular distance and angle from each other from the surface of a polymerized myosin filament is known as

cross arm

globular head has an active ____ and ______

ATPase ; actin

muscle contraction is initiated by a signal sent by CNS via a

motor neurons

neuromuscular junction aka

motor end plate

the energy from ATP hydrolysis is utilized by

myosin to bind with exposed active site on actin

binding of myosin head to exposed active site on actin to form

cross bridge

when ATP breaks

cross bridge forms

when ATP binds to myosin head

cross bridge breaks

muscles contain a red colored oxygen storing pigments called

myoglobin

less mitochondria, more sarcoplasmic reticulum

white muscle fibres

plenty of mitochondria

red muscle fibres

depends on aerobic process for energy

red muscle fibres

depends on anaerobic process for energy

white muscle fibres

during contraction of muscle fibres which part disappear

H zone

during contraction of muscle fibres which part’s size changes

I band and Z line

Axial skeleton comprises of

80

total bones in skull

22

cranial bone no

8

facial bone no

14

A single bone called hyoid present at

base of buccal cavity

skull region articulates with _____ region of vertebral column

superior

skull articulates with vertebral column using

two occipital condyles

our skull is aka

dicondylic skull

vertebral column is formed by ____ serially arranged unit vertebrae

26

cervical bones no

7

thoracic bones no

12

lumbar bones no

5

sacral bone no

1(5 fused)

coccygeal bone no

1(4 fused)

each rib has ___ articulating surface on its dorsal end

2

ribs are aka

bicephalic

ribs attach ventrally connected to sternum with the help of

hyaline cartilage

8th, 9th, 10th ribs are

vertebrochondral ribs (false ribs)

11th, 12th are

floating ribs

carpals bones no

8

metacrapels bones no

5

phalanges no

14

tarsal no

7

each limb has how many bones

30 bones

clavicle and scapula form

pectoral girdle

scapula is present between

2nd to 7th ribs

dorsal, flats triangular body of scapula has a spine project as flat expanded process called

acromion

the glenoid cavity is present below the

acromion

each clavicle is a long slender bone with

two curvatures

pelvic girdle is made of ____ coxal bone

2

each coxal bone consists of

ilium, ischium, pubis

at the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis bones is a cavity called

acetabulum

two halves of the pelvic girdle meet ____ to form pubic symphysis containing fibrous cartilage

ventrally

between humerus and pectoral girdle

ball and socket joint

knee joint

hinge joint

between atlas and axis

pivot joint

between carpals

glidding joint

between carpal and metacarpal of thumb

saddle joint

affects the neuromuscular junction leading to fatigue weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle

myasthenia gravis

progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle

muscular dystrophy

rapid spasms in muscles due to low calcium ions in body fluid

tetany

inflammation of joints

arthritis

age related disorder characterized by decrease in bone mass and increased chances of fracture

osteoporosis

main cause of osteoporosis

decrease in estrogen

inflammation of joints due to accumulation of uric acid crystals

gout

autoimmune muscular disorder

myasthenia gravis

genetic disorder of muscles

muscular dystrophy