A&P 1st Exam

Hyper meaning

above, too much

Hypo meaning

below, less, not enough

extra- meaning

outside, beyond

-ology meaning

study of

1st (smallest) level in Biological Organization

Chemical Level

What is chemical level

basic atoms

What is the second lvl in the Biological Organization

Cellular Level

What is the cellular level?

Basic building block of life formed by organelles

What is the third level?

Tissue Level

What is the fourth level?

Organ Level

What is the fifth level?

Organ System Level

What is the sixth level?

Organismal Level

What is homeostasis

The ability of the human body to maintain a stable, regulated internal environment, despite, external conditions

What is negative feedback

A homeostatic mechanism where the output diminishes and the system returns to normal

What is positive feedback

A homeostatic mechanism where the response enhances or controls the original stimulus

What is vasoconstriction?

A homeostatic control mechanism where blood vessels are narrowed to trap and conserve heat

What is vasodilation?

A homeostatic mechanism that allows us to cool off by widening blood vessels to dissipate heat more easily

What are two homeostatic mechanisms for when it’s too cold

Vasoconstriction and shivering to generate metabolic heat

What are two homeostatic mechanisms used for when it’s too warm?

Vasodilation and sweating to cool body

What are hydrogen bonds?

weak attraction between a slightly positive H atom in molecule and a slightly negative 0 atom or N atom in another molecule

What are ionic bonds?

bond formed from atoms donating/gaining electrons

What are covalent bonds?

bond from sharing of electrons

What are polar bonds

covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally due to electronegativity

What are nonpolar bonds

covalent bond where electrons are shared equally and have similar electronegativity

What is electronegativity?

tendency of electrons to be biased toward an atom

What dissolves easily in water?

hydrophilic, polar bonded molecules

What does not dissolve easily in water?

hydrophobic, non-polar bonds

What is lipophilic?

non-polar, hydrophobic molecules (like fats)

What is lipophobic?

polar, hydrophilic molecules (like water)

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What are the polymers of carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

What are the types of biomolecules?

Carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

What are the polymers of proteins?

polypeptides

What are the monomers of lipids?

fatty acids

What are the polymers of lipids?

fats, oils, steroids, waxes

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

nuecleotides

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA, ATP

What is the primary function of carbs?

they’re sources of energy

What are digested carbs converted into?

glucose

What are triglycerides?

three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

What are the functions of lipids?

Energy storage, cell structure, insulation and protection for organs, and hormone and signal production, and nerve funciton

What lipids provide cell structure?

phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes

What do lipids sometimes act as precursors for?

steroid hormones and signailing molecules

What are the functions of proteins?

structure, cell communication, and transport

What is Keratin?

tough structural protein found in hair, nails, and skin

What is collagen?

structure protein in deep layers of skin, bones, cartilage, and teeth

How do proteins help with cell communication?

proteins can be chemical messangers, like nuerotransmitters or hormones, and can be receptors for signailing molecules

What do protein channels do?

allow hydrophilic substancs to diffuse across cell membranes

What do protein carriers do?

help solutes across cell membranes via acitve or passtive transport

What is this functional group

hydroxyl group

What is this functional group

methyl group

What is this functional group?

carboxyl group

What is this functional group

phosphate group

Vaso- meaning

In relation to blood vessels

What gives DNA its unique shape?

hydrogen bonds

What are isomers

molecules with identical molecular formular but differ in atom locations/arrangements

What is the relationship between glycogen and glucose?

Glycogen is made of glucose, and is the storoage form of glucose. Glycogen is a polysaccharide, and glucose is a monosaccharide

What is glucose oxidized to make?

ATP

What are fatty acids?

chain of carbons (4-24) with a methyl and carboxyl group

What does it mean to be Amphipathic?

To have regions that are polar and nonpolar (ex: lipids)

What are saturated fatty acids

fatty acids with carbon linked with a single bond, (therefore saturated with hydrogens)

What are unsaturated fatty acids

fatty acids with carbon atoms linked by a double covalent bond

What do triglycerides do?

energy storage, found in adipose tissue, made via dehydration synthesis

Why are phosphollipids similar to triglycerides?

they have similar structure, but phospholipids have only two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Are the phosphate heads of phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Are the fatty acid tails of phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophobic

What are steroids?

lipids with 17 carbon atoms in four rings, percursor hormones

What do functional groups do?

determine physical and chemical properties of a molecule

Where are hydroxyl groups found

sugars, alcohols

Where are methyl groups found

fats, oils, steroids, amino acids

Where are carboxyl groups found

amino acids, sugars, proteins

Where are amino groups found?

amino acids, proteins

Where are phosphate groups found

nucleic acids, ATP

What is anabolism

makinb/building molecules, uses dehyration (releases H2O)

What is catabolism

breaking molecules, hydrolysis (needs H2O)

What is the difference between RIbose and Deoxyribose

ribose has OH on the second C, doxyribose has H on second C

-emia meaning

condtion or presence of a substance in blood

glyc- meaning

sugar, sweet

What are enzymes

proteins that make chemical reactions more efficient, faster

What bonds make up carbs?

glycosidic bonds

What bonds make up lipids?

esther bonds

What bonds make up protiens?

peptide bonds

What factors effect enzymes

temperature and pH

What makes up amino acids?

amino group, carboxyl group, R (radical group)

-OH group?

hydroxyl group

-CH3 group?

methyl group

-NH2 group?

amino group

-H2PO4 group?

phosphate group

-COOH group?

carboxyl group

What functional group is this

amino group

What are transmembrane proteins

specialized proteins that transcend the cell’s lipid bilayer, interacting with the exterior and interior of the cell

Where are the hydrophilic regions of transmembrane proteins

on the ends of the proteins, facing the intracellular and extracellular environment

What is cholesterol responsible for

stiffening and loosening of the phospholipid bilayer, affecting membrane permeability

What are peripheral proteins

proteins found on one side of the membrane, either attached to the membrane or to transmembane proteins

Why do transmembrane proteins have hydrophobic regions

in order to be embedded into the membrane

What does HDL stand for

High density lipoprotein

What is the ratio for HDL

higher ratio of proteins to lipids

What does LDL stand for

Low density lipoprotein

What is the ratio for LDL

higher ratio of lipids to proteins