Overview of Social Development and Attachment Theory

Social Development

Changes in personality, emotions, and relationships.

Psychosocial Development

Interplay between internal and external processes.

Social Aspect

External interactions with family, peers, and professionals.

Psyche Aspect

Internal experiences like thoughts and emotions.

Universal Development

Aspects of development common to all individuals.

Distinctive Development

Aspects of development unique to individuals.

Attachment Theory

Emotional connection between infant and caregiver.

Signaling Behaviors

Crying and cooing to promote caregiver contact.

Approach Behaviors

Smiling and clinging to engage caregivers.

Ethological Perspective

Attachment as a biologically ingrained motivation system.

Internal Working Models

Perceptions and expectations about social bonds.

Psychoanalytic Approach

Emotional connections with mother influence future relationships.

Indiscriminate Sociability

Infants respond to all caregivers from birth to 2 months.

Attachments in the Making

Preference for familiar individuals from 2 to 7 months.

Specific Attachment

Stronger preferences and anxiety from 7 to 24 months.

Separation Anxiety

Distress when separated from the caregiver.

Stranger Anxiety

Wariness of strangers in infants.

Goal-Oriented Partnerships

Understanding parental feelings from 24 months onward.

Secure Attachment

Comfortable with caregiver presence and seeks contact.

Ambivalent Attachment

Anxiety before separation and mixed reactions upon reunion.

The Strange Situation

Method to evaluate attachment quality through scenarios.

Attachment Patterns

Different responses to caregiver presence and absence.

Anxious Avoidant Attachment

Minimal caregiver involvement; treats caregiver like strangers.

Disorganized Attachment

Greatest insecurity; shows confused, contradictory behaviors.

Long-Term Attachment Impact

Infant attachment affects later relationships in life.

Adult Attachment Interview

Evaluates adult attachment experiences with parents.

Autonomous Attachment

Balanced accounts of affectionate parental figures.

Dismissing Attachment

Rejects attachment significance; idealizes or forgets experiences.

Preoccupied Attachment

Emotionally entangled in past family relationships.

Unresolved Attachment

Similar to disoriented attachment in infants.

Cultural Variations in Attachment

Diverse practices shape emotional bonds with caregivers.

Canon Impact

Aboriginal nurturing practices include spiritual and cultural aspects.

Kinship Structure

Connections formed with non-biological family members.

Maori Culture

Strong connections with extended family and ancestors.

Placenta Interment Custom

Signifies child's connection to land in Maori culture.

Development of Self

Sense of self begins in late infancy.

Rouge Test

Measures self-recognition in infants using a mirror.

Self-Recognition Age

Infants show self-recognition by 15-24 months.

Cognitive Development 19-30 Months

Children articulate self-descriptions and evaluate actions.

Physical Attributes Awareness

Children describe size, hair type, and eye color.

Societal Norms Awareness

Increased understanding of norms by age two.

Jerky Movements

Disorganized attachment may show unexpected physical reactions.

Emotional Enmeshment

Preoccupied individuals struggle to articulate family experiences.

Societal Norms

Awareness of societal expectations by age two.

Distress Over Objects

Emotional response to damaged toys, regardless of ownership.

Evaluative Language

Use of moral terms like 'good' and 'bad'.

Basic Trust

Foundation of security developed in early childhood.

Autonomy

Child's ability to act independently and make choices.

Social Competence

Ability to interact effectively with others.

Self-Esteem

Child's perception of their own worth and capabilities.

Concurrent Advancement

Simultaneous development of multiple skills and qualities.

Competence

Combination of skill and capability in tasks.

Emergence of Competence

Driven by curiosity and desire to explore.

Innate Drive

Self-motivated exploration independent of basic needs.

Parent-Toddler Relationship

Quality of interactions influences social competence.

Positive Parenting

Encouragement leads to increased social confidence.

Fostering Inquisitiveness

Providing engaging, safe, age-appropriate experiences.

Caregiver Encouragement

Support for self-initiated tasks and achievements.

Parental Patience

Tolerance for frustration fosters autonomy in children.

Secure Attachment

Sensitive engagement leads to lasting emotional security.

Nurturing Environments

Supportive settings enhance developmental adjustment.

Egocentrism

Confusion between one's perspective and others' views.

Three Mountains Task

Piaget's test demonstrating children's egocentric thinking.

False Belief Task

Assesses understanding of differing beliefs from reality.

Sally-Anne Task

Scenario testing prediction of another's false belief.

Theory of Mind

Understanding others' thoughts and intentions gradually develops.

Middle Childhood

Improved interpretation of social cues and behaviors.

Social Cues

Non-verbal signals that convey emotional information.

Adolescence

Refinement of understanding social relationships and norms.

Erikson's Theory

Framework for understanding psychosocial development stages.

Psychosocial Crisis

Challenge faced at each developmental stage.

Resolution

Achieving balance between conflicting experiences.

Virtues

Personality strengths developed through crisis resolution.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Infants develop trust through consistent caregiving.

Autonomy vs. Shame

Independence development leads to self-direction.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Engagement in activities with purpose fosters initiative.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Skill cultivation leads to feelings of competence.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescents reassess identity across multiple domains.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Forming connections while fearing identity loss.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Fulfillment through societal contributions versus lack of purpose.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Reflection on life leading to satisfaction or regret.

Cultural Sensitivity

Acknowledgment of diverse developmental trajectories across cultures.

Empirical Support

Research validates many aspects of Erikson's theory.

Lifelong Process

Personality development continues throughout the lifespan.

Cognitive Maturation

Development of reasoning about mental states.

Introspection

Increased self-awareness regarding thoughts and feelings.

Complex Social Interactions

Navigating multifaceted relationships and social dynamics.

Ego Integrity

Reflecting on life with dignity and optimism.

Despair

Regrets and lack of fulfillment in life.

Virtue of Wisdom

Culmination of experiences in late adulthood.

Identity Formation

Exploration and formation of a coherent self.

Role Confusion

Uncertainty in self-concept during adolescence.

Global Self-Esteem

Overall sense of self-worth across contexts.

Body Esteem

Significant contributor to overall self-worth.

Gender Disparities in Self-Esteem

Girls generally have lower self-esteem than boys.

Communication Dynamics

Teenagers desire privacy in parent interactions.

Desire for Autonomy

Seeking independence from parental oversight.

Peer Relationships

Provide companionship and support during adolescence.

Cliques

Peer groups based on shared interests.

Generativity

Nurturing the next generation in middle adulthood.