MCAS

ABIOTIC

Non-living.

ABSORBTION

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood.

ADAPTIVE RADIATION

An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species

ALLELE

Version of a gene

ANAPHASE1

Spindle fiber separate and pull one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

ANAPHASE2

The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart and move chromatides to the opposite ends of the cell

ANIMALIA

Kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls

AORTA

The main artery, which receives blood from the left ventricle and delivers it to all the other arteries to the tissues of the body.

AORTIC VALVE

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle. It opens during heart contraction to allow blood to flow from the heart into the aorta.

ARCHAEA

Microorganisms that are prokaryotic and often found in extreme environments, distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes.

ARTERIES

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood. Muscular tube that can withstand large pressure. Moves blood away from heart.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work.

ATRIUMS

The two upper chambers of the heart.

BIOTIC

Describes living factors in the environment.

BRAINSTEM

Controls automatic life sustaining activities such as breathing, heart rate, and circulation.

CAPILLARIES

The smallest of the body's blood vessels. Permits the diffusion of gasses, nutrients and wastes between plasma, and other fluids.

CARBOHYDRATE

Molecules that provide an organism with quick energy. Made of saccharides(sugars). Has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. (CHNO) Ex. Fruits, Vegetables and Grains.

CARBON

Atom that is required to form organic molecules because it's 4 bonding electrons.

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Cellular respiration is what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy. This happens in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical which the cell uses for energy.

CELLULOSE

A polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall for a plant cell.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Brain and spinal cord.

CEREBELLUM

Coordinates rapid on going movements, posture, and balance.

CEREBRUM

Responsible for language, voluntary movement, speech, visual and spatial processing, and analytically thinking.

CHROMOSOME

Structure of DNA and proteins.

CLASS 3rd taxonomic group.

Organisms that contain general common traits such as having a backbone, eight legs etc…

CLASSIFICATION

Based on DNA and Anatomy differences organisms are grouped into species. Different species cannot mate with each other. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. EX. a lion cannot mate with a cat

CODOMINANCE

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

COMMENSALISM

One benefits other not affected. Ex. Barnacles live on whales back.

COMPETITION

Both want some resource. Ex. Lions and Hyenas fight for land.

DELETION

When part of the chromosome is missing

DIFFUSION

Molecules moving from a high concentration to a low concentration.

DIPLOID

Homologous pair of chromosomes.

DNA REPLICATION

DNA "unzips" itself and each strand of the DNA serves as a template for the new strand. Nucleotides added on to the old strand then produce two identical new strands.

DNA(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)

Molecule that stores genetic information has the blueprint for making other molecules.

DUPLICATION

When part of the chromosome is copied abnormally resulting in extra genetic material.

EUBACTERIA

Prokaryotic(no nucleus), Single cellular, Parastic, Heterotrophic(food from enviorment).

EUKARYOTE

Plasma cell membrane composed of lipids. Proteins made in it's ribosomes. Glucose broken down in mitochondria. Glucose broken down in the mitochondria.

FAMILY

A group of related organisms that share common characteristics and are classified together.

FEEDBACK

The general process whereby the body automatically senses changing conditions and response to them.

FUNGI

A kingdom of complex organisms that obtain food by breaking down other substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients. Ex. Mushrooms, molds, yeast, decomposers.

GAMETES

Sex cells. Ex. Sperm and egg.

GENE

Segment of DNA

GENOTYPE

An organism's genetic makeup. Ex. AB,Ab,Ba,ab

GENUS 6th taxonomic group.

A group of similar species.

HAPLOID

A cell having half the number of chromosomes.

HYPOTALAMUS

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

INTERPHASE

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.

INVERSION

When part of the chromosome is inverted(flipped)

KIDNEY

Removes excess water, salts, urea, drugs, glucose

KINGDOM 1st taxonomic group.

Are divided into smaller groups called phyla.

LIPID(FATS)

Molecules that provide an organism with stored energy. Made of fatty acids. Ex. Olive oil, Butter, Avocado.

LIVER

Gets rid of excess amino acids and red blood cells.

LUNGS

Removes carbon dioxide and water vapor.

MEIOSIS

Cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in half in the reproductive cells, such as sperm, eggs, and spores.

MESSENGER RNA

RNA that copies the coded message from DNA in the nucleus and carries the message into the cytoplasm.

METAPHASE1

Spindle fibers move the pair of chromosomes to the middle of the cell.

METAPHASE2

Spindle fibers move chromosomes to the middle of the cell.

MITOSIS

Asexual reproduction resulting in identical cell clones.

MUTATION

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome, which can lead to variations in traits or diseases.

MUTUALISM

A symbiotic relationship where both species gain benefits from their interaction, such as cleaner birds removing parasites from larger mammals.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

When the body reacts to internal conditions that need to be connected by trying to change the balance away from them. Ex. When someone exercises too much their body produces sweat from the sweat glands.

NEPHRON

Functional unit of the kidney.

NITROGEN

Atom that makes up 78% of the earth's atmosphere and is the foundation of DNA and proteins. Nitrification happens when bacteria changes the form.

ORDER

4th taxonomic group containing one or more families.

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Carbon-based molecules.

OSMOSIS

The diffusion of molecules through a membrane.

PARASITISM

One benefits one hurts. Ex. Hawks eat fish.

PATHOGEN

An organism that causes disease.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

All those nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.

PHENOTYPE

Physical appearance of a trait. Ex. brown eyes, long hair, white fur.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars.

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -->

C6H12O6 + 6O2

PHYLUM

2nd taxonomic group. Division of living organisms that contain one or more classes.

PLANTAE

A kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move around, and use the sun's energy to make sugar by photosynthesis.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Adjust internal conditions toward the initial condition. Ex. Breastfeeding. When the baby drinks milk from it's mothers breast it activates the moms milk glands. The more it sucks, the more milk comes out.

PRINCIPAL OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

Factors for different characteristics are distributed to reproductive cells independently.

PRINCIPAL OF SEGREGATION

When two alleles segregate during meiosis so each gamete only carries one allele for each characteristics.

PROKARYOTES

Bacteria. Does not have a nucleus. Lipids make plasma cell membrane. Protein made in its ribosomes. Glucose broken down in the cytoplasm.

PROPHASE1

Chromosomes thicken and become visible as distinct structures. Chromosomes also cross over.

PROPHASE2

There is no crossing over of chromosomes. Chromosomes are visible in the cytoplasm of the cell. No nuclear membrane reforms.

PROTEIN

Molecules that provide an organism with Structure(has nitrogen). Made of amino acids. Rebuilds cells(mitosis) Ex. Nuts, Seeds, Dairy, anything that comes from an animal.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA

PROTISTA

Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Ex. Amoeba.

PULMONARY ARTERY

Carries deoxygentated blood from the heart to the lungs.

PULMONARY VALVE

Prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle after it has entered the pulmonary artery. A valve at the base of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle of the heart.

PULMONARY VEIN

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

REPRODUCTION

Formation on new cells for growth/ repair/ replacement, or new organism.

RIBOSOMAL RNA

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the structures that link amino acids to form proteins.

RNA(RIBONUCLEIC ACID)

Ribonucleic acid is a single strand molecule that carries cellular messages(code). HAS URACIL INSTEAD OF THYMINE.

SKIN

Gets rid of sweat or perspiration.

SPECIES 7th taxonomic group.

Similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection. Ex. Polar bears blend in with the snow better than browns so that's why there's more.

TELEOPHASE1

Each member of the homologous pair of chromosomes have now arrived at opposite ends of the cell. The cell now divides into 2 daughter cells.

TELEOPHASE2

Chromatides arrive at opposite ends of the cell. Each cell pinches across the middle into 2 new daughter cells so that we now have daughter cells. Each with a haploid number of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromatides which are now the chromosomes of each daughter cell.

TRANSCRIPTION

From DNA to mRNA.

TRANSFER RNA

type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

TRANSLATION

the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins by decoding the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide chain.

TRANSLOCATION

When part of the chromosome is located on another chromosome.