BIOL 112: Organisms for Lab Exam

What are some characteristics of the domain bacteria?

Prokaryotic, no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, cell wall with peptidoglycan

What are the 3 main types of bacteria?

Cocci, bacilli, and spirilla

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes that were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

What are some characteristics of cytanobacteria?

Photosynthetic (ancestors of chloroplasts), crucial in nitrogen fixation, contain heterocysts and akinetes

What are heterocysts?

Specialized nitrogen-fixing cells in cyanobacteria

What are akinetes?

Spore-forming cells in cyanobacteria

What 3 bacteria that we observed in lab are grouped in the miscellaneous bacteria?

Cocci, bacillus, and spirillum

What bacteria that we observed in lab is grouped under cyanobacteria?

Cylindrosperm

What are some characteristics of the domain archaea?

Prokaryotic, cell wall that does NOT have peptidoglycan, more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria, most are extremophiles

What are some characteristics of the domain eukarya?

Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What are the 4 supergroups of the domain eukarya?

Excavata, SAR, archaeplastida, and unikonta

What are some characteristics of the supergroup excavata?

They have a feeding groove, vestigial mitochondria, 2 or more flagella, a stigma (photosensitive organelle), are eukatryotic and mixotrophic

What are some characteristics of the supergroup euglenida?

They have 2 flagella from within an infolded structure, a stigma, and a flexible protein pellicle that allows shape changes, are eukaryotic and mixotrophic

What bacteria that we observed in lab is grouped under excavata?

Euglena

What are the 3 subgroups in the supergroup SAR?

Stramenophiles, alveolates, and rhizaria

What are some characteristics of the subgroup stramenophile?

Eukaryotic, they have 2 flagella (1 hairy, 1 smooth)

What are some characteristics of a diatom (in the subgroup stramenophile)?

Their cell wall is made up of silica, carbs are stored as laminarin, and they produce 20% of our global oxygen

What bacteria that we observed in lab is grouped under bacillariophyta?

Diatoms

What are some characteristics of a oomycota (in the subgroup stramenophile)?

They are parasitic or saprophytic (consumes living or dead/decaying organic matter), grows into hyphae, and their cell wall is made of cellulose

What bacteria that we observed in lab is grouped under oomycota?

Saprolegnia

What are some characteristics of the subgroup alveolata?

They have membranous sacs called alveoli

What are some characteristics of dinoflagellata (in the subgroup alveolata)?

They have 2 flagella in their grooves and an internal cellulose plate

What bacteria that we observed in lab belongs to ciliata?

Peridinium

What are some characteristics of ciliata (in the subgroup alveolata)?

They use cilia to move and eat, can have 2 nuclei, and a contractile vacuole to remove excess water

What bacteria that we observed in lab belongs to ciliata?

Paramecium

What are some characteristics of apicomplexa (in the subgroup alveolata)?

They are animal parasites that have a complex of cells at their apex to penetrate host cells. They also have a vestigial plastid called an apicoplast

What bacteria that we observed in lab belongs to apicomplexa?

Plasmodium

What are some characteristics of the subgroup rhizaria?

They have pseudopodia

What is pseudopodia?

Finger-like membrane extensions that are used for movement and capturing prey

What are some characteristics of foraminifera (in the subgroup rhizaria)?

They have a multi-chambered shell (aka test) made of calcium carbonate, filamentous pseudopodia, and are symbiotic with algae

What are some characteristics of radiolaria (in the subgroup rhizaria)?

They are spherically or radially symmetrical, have a multi-chambered shell (aka test) made of silica, and filamentous pseudopodia that come from a central point

What are some characteristics of the supergroup archaeplastida?

They all have a cell wall made up of some cellulose and are photosynthetic

What are the 2 subgroups under the supergroup archaeplastida?

Chlorophyta and charophyta

What bacteria that we saw in lab are grouped under chlorophyta?

Chlamydomonas and volvox

What are some characteristics of Chlamydomonas (in subgroup chlorophyta)?

They are unicellular, have 2 flagella, a single cup-shaped chloroplast, and usually exist as a haploid cell and reproduce via mitosis

What are some characteristics of volvox (in subgroup chlorophyta)?

They exist as colonial spheres of 500-500,000 haploid cells, reproduce asexually by growing interior daughter colonies, and have many synchronized flagella

What are some characteristics of the supergroup unikonta?

They have 1 flagellum in at least one point of their life

What are some characteristics of the subgroup amoebozoa (in supergroup unikonta)?

They are very large, single-celled organisms without a cell wall. They also have lobe shaped or tubular pseudopodia for movement and eating.