IDS 200 – SQL & Database Application Basics

15 vocabulary flashcards summarizing key terms and concepts from the lecture on SQL, its language groups, and related programming tools.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

The command language used to send instructions to relational databases for defining, manipulating, querying, and controlling data.

Relational Database Model

A data-model proposed around 1970 that organizes information into tables; it became the foundation on which SQL was developed.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

The SQL subset for creating, altering, or deleting database structures; key commands include CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, TRUNCATE TABLE, and DROP TABLE.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

The SQL subset for modifying data already stored in tables; main commands are INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Data Query Language (DQL)

The SQL subset for retrieving and arranging data; centered on SELECT statements combined with FROM, WHERE, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, and HAVING.

Data Control Language (DCL)

The SQL subset that manages user access rights with commands such as GRANT, REVOKE, and (where supported) DENY.

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

A group of SQL commands (e.g., COMMIT, ROLLBACK) that manage the logical units of work known as transactions.

C++

A high-level programming language with low-level capabilities; platform-dependent but very fast for database applications due to direct memory access.

Java

A high-level, platform-independent language; managed memory simplifies coding but is typically slower than C++.

PHP

A server-side scripting language embedded in web pages; executes on the web server to query databases and return dynamically built HTML.

WHERE Clause

An SQL clause that specifies record-matching criteria using equality, comparison operators, LIKE, IN, and other conditions; cannot stand alone.

SELECT-FROM-WHERE Pattern

The basic structure of a DQL query: first list columns (SELECT), then tables (FROM), and finally filtering conditions (WHERE).

LIKE Operator

An SQL keyword used for pattern matching in text comparisons, often combined with the % wildcard (e.g., name LIKE 'A%').

GRANT Statement

A DCL command that assigns specific privileges (read, write, execute, etc.) to a user at database, table, column, or row level.

REVOKE Statement

A DCL command that removes privileges previously granted to a user, without affecting permissions gained from other sources.