Anatomy final 2

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

aka thyrotropin

anterior pituitary gland --> thyroid gland

regulatory hormone - triggers the release of thyroid hormones

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

aka corticotropin

anterior pituitary gland --> adrenal cortex

regulator hormone - stimulates the release of steroid hormones (cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone)

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

anterior pituitary gland --> gonads

females - stimulates follicle development and (with the help of LH) stimulates the secretion of estrogen

males - stimulates nurses cells which help promote maturation of sperm cells

inhibited by inhibin

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

anterior pituitary gland --> gonads

females - induces ovulation and promotes secretion of estrogen and progesterone

males - stimulates the secretion of androgens (most important androgen is testosterone)

Prolactin (PRL)

anterior pituitary gland --> mammary glands

females - helps stimulate mammary gland development and stimulates milk production in pregnancy

males - helps regulate angrogen production

Growth Hormone (GH)

aka somatotropin

anterior pituitary gland --> bones, muscles and other tissues

growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization and catabolism

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

pars intermedia --> melanocytes in the skin

increase melanin synthesis in the epidermis

Hormones of the posterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland

stores

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - sent to the kidneys - reabsorption of water, elevation of blood volume and pressure

Oxytocin (OXT) -

females - sent to the mammery glands and uterus - labor contractions and milk ejection

males - ductus deferens and prostate gland - contraction of ductus deferens and prostate gland

Hormones of the anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Gonadotropins:

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

-Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Prolactin (PRL)

Growth Hormone (GH)

Hormones of the Adrenal Gland

adrenal cortex

-mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) - targets the kidneys - increases renal absorption of Na+ and water (especially in the presence of ADH), and accelerate urinary loss of K+

-glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone) - targets most cells - increase rate of glucose and glycogen formation by the liver; release of amino acids from skeletal muscles, and lipids from adipose tissues; promote peripheral utilization of lipids; anti-inflammatory effects

-androgens - target most cells adrenal androgens stimulate the development of pubic hair before puberty

adrenal medulla

-Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) - target most cells - increase cardiac activity, blood pressure glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels; releases lipids by adipose tissue

Hormones of the Thyroid gland

thyroid hormones -

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) - produce a strong and short lived increase in cellular metabolism - increase rates of mitochondrial ATP production - calorigenic effect cell consumes more energy and produces more heat - important in the development of the nervous, skeletal and muscular system

calcitonin - helps to regulate ca2+ concentration in body fluids by stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys and prevents calcium absorption by the digestive tract

Hormones of the Pancreas and the cells that secrete them

alpha cells -

-glucagon - raises the blood glucose level by increasing the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver

beta cells -

-insulin - lowers the blood glucose levelby increasing the rate of glucose uptake and use by most body cells, and by increasing glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles and the liver

-amylin -a peptide hormone that levels raise after a meal

delta cells -

-peptide hormone identical to (GH-IH) - suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin by other islet cells and slows the rate of food absorption and enzyme release along the digestive tract

PP cells - pancreatic polypeptide cells

-pancreatic polypeptide (PP) - inhibits gallbladder contractions and regulates the production of some pancreatic enzymes

types of WBC

-neutrophils

-eosinophils

-basophils

-monocytes

-lymphocytes

Neutrophils

50-70% of WBC

attaching to the walls of the blood vessels, blocking the passageway of germs that try to gain access to the blood through a cut or infectious area. Neutrophils are the first cells to reach an area where a breach in the body has been made. They kill germs by means of a process known as phagocytosis or "cell-eating". Besides eating bacteria one-by-one, they also release a burst of super oxides that have the ability to kill many bacteria at the same time

Eosinophils

2-4% of WBC

releasing toxins from their granules to kill pathogens. The main pathogens eosinophils act against are parasites and worms. High eosinophil counts are associated with allergic reactions.

Basophils

<1% of WBC

have the ability to secrete anticoagulants and antibodies that have function against hypersensitivity reactions in the bloodstream. They act immediately as part of the immune system's action against foreign invaders. Basophils contain histamine, which dilates the vessels to bring more immune cells to the area of injury

Monocytes

2-8% of WBC

monocytes do the job of phagocytosis (cell-eating) of any type of dead cell in the body, whether it is a somatic cell or a dead neutrophil. Because of their large size, they have the ability to digest large foreign particles in a wound unlike other kinds of white blood cells.

Lymphocytes

20-40% of WBC

T cells - cell mediated immunity

B cells - humoral immunity - the production of antibodies - differentiate into plasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies

Natural Killer (NK) cells - immune surveillance - detection and destruction of abnormal cells - important in the prevention of cancer