Chapter 9: Lifespan Development: Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg

Trust vs. mistrust (Stage 1)

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection will be met, ages 0-1

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (Stage 2)

sense of independence in many tasks develops, ages 1-3

Initiative vs. guilt (Stage 3)

take initiative on some activities, may develop guilt when success is not met or boundaries are overstepped, ages 3-6

Industry vs. inferiority (Stage 4)

develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not, ages 7-11

Identity vs. confusion (Stage 5)

experiment with and develop identity and roles, ages 12-18

Intimacy vs. isolation (Stage 6)

establish intimacy and relationships with others, ages 19-29

Generativity vs. stagnation (Stage 7)

contribute to society and be part of a family, ages 30-64

Integrity vs. despair (Stage 8)

assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions, ages 65-

Pre-conventional morality Stage 1

obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishment

Pre-conventional morality Stage 2

individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest and rewards

Conventional morality Stage 3

Interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval

Conventional morality Stage 4

Authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order

Post-conventional morality Stage 5

Social contract: behavior balance of social order and individual rights

Post-conventional morality Stage 6

Universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles

Sensorimotor

Coordination of senses with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world. Language used for demands and cataloguing. Object permanence developed. 0-2 years

Preoperational

Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar to express full concepts. Imagination and intuition are strong, but complex abstract thought still difficult. Conservation developed. 2-7 years

Concrete Operational

Concepts attached to concrete situations. Time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts. 7-11 years

Formal Operations

Theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking. Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and planning become possible. Concepts learned in one context can be applied to another. years 11+