All the groups/clades/subphyla

Coelacanths

Lobe-fins, 2 species, Diphycercal tail and non-functional vestigial lung

Neopterygians

ray-fins, non-teleost and teleost fishes, appeared late Permian and diversified in Mesozoic

Non-teleost fishes

bowfin and gars

Teleost fishes

Modern bony fishes, homocercal tail, mobile premaxilla in jaw to protrude jaw

Chondrosteans

Ray-fins, sturgeon and paddlefish

Actinopterygii

Clade of Osteichthyes, Ray-fins; Devonian forms were small and heavily armored, thick ganoid scales, heterocercal caudal fins

Sarcopterygii

Clade of Osteichthyes, Lobe-fins; lungfishes, coelacanths, tetrapods; early forms had lungs, gills, heterocercal tail that becomes diphycercal in Paleozoic, powerful jaws, heavy enameled scales, paired fleshy fins

Latimeria

Last genus of Coelacanths

Osteichthyes

96% of living fishes and tetrapods; lineage with bony endoskeletons in Silurian; endochondral bone replaces cartilage during development, lungs or swim bladder, cranial/dental characteristics

Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fishes, most predaceous, well-developed sense organs, powerful jaws, true bone completely absent

Elasmobranchii

Clade of Chondrichthyes; sharks, rays, and skates

Holocephali

Clade of Chondrichthyes; chimaeras

Cyclostomata

Living jawless fishes, lack internal ossification, scales, and paired fins; have pore-like gill openings and eel-like shape

Myxini

Clade of Cyclostomata; hagfishes

Perromyzontida

Clade of Cyclostomata; lampreys

Hexapoda

Subphylum of Arthropoda; 3 tagmata, 3 pairs uniramous legs

Entognatha

Class of Hexapoda; ametabolous and entognathous

Echinodermata

Sea stars and urchins; deuterostomes, most sessile or slow moving, usually dioecious, dermal gills, adults with pentaradial symmetry

Asteroida

Class within Echinodermata; one of the most diverse (1)

Ophiuroidea

Class within Echinodermata; one of the most diverse (2)

Hemichordata

Acorn worms; gills slits, rudimentary notochord, stomochord, deuterostomes, closely related to Echinodermata

Chordata

vertebrates and some invertebrates; notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits or clefts, muscular post-anal tail, endostyle

Cephalochordata

Subphylum of Chordata; lancelets, “true chordates”

Urochordata

Subphylum of Chordata; tunicates, most resemble Chordates as larvae, sea squirts

Ostracoderms

Jawless armored fishes in late Cambrian and early Devonian, no paired fins

Osteostracans

Ostracoderms; paired fins, jawless, toothless, head shield

Heterostracans

Early Ostracoderms; awkward designs, filter feeders, extinct near end of Devonian

Conodonts

Among earliest vertebrates, mineralized skeletal elements in mouth and pharynx

Metaspriggina

Early vertebrates from early Cambrian, soft-bodied, small, paired eyes, complex swimming muscles, prominent gills, rudimentary vertebrae

Gnathostomes

All living and extinct jawed vertebrates

Placoderms

Among first Gnathostomes, gave us jaws, armored fished with diamond-shaped scales or large bone plates, all extinct by Devonian

Eusthenopteron

385 mya, “walking fins”, paddled thru bottom mud, lungs

Tiktaalik

375 mya, intermediate between lobe-fins and tetrapods, used limbs to place snout above water

Acanthostega

365 mya, digits on fore and hind limbs, dragged body on ground

Ichthyostega

350 mya, stronger backbones, complete pelvis and fully developed shoulder and hip girdles

Lissamphibia

Clade of Amphibia; modern amphibians arose in Carboniferous

Anura

Order of Lissamphibia; frogs and toads, Triassic, ectotherms, tied to water

Salientia

Order Anura

Anthracosaurs

Anamniotes in Carboniferous, where amniotes arose from

Amniotes

amniotic egg, thicker/more waterproof skin, rib ventilation of lungs, stronger jaws, negative pressure breathing

Lepidosaurs

Clade of Diapsids; lizards, snakes, tuataras

Archosaurs

Clade of Diapsids; dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodilians, birds

Sauropterygians

Clade of Diapsids; plesiosaurs, other extinct aquatic groups

Ichthyosaurs

Clade of Diapsids; extinct dolphin-like forms