The French Revolution & Napoleon

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Estates

Name for the three classes of French society.

Taxes

Clergy and nobles did not pay these.

Marie Antoinette

Wife of the French king, charming and irresponsible.

Clergy

Members of the First Estate.

Nobility

Members of the Second Estate.

Bastille

Parisian fort taken by a mob on July 14, 1789.

“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”

Slogan of the Revolution.

Reign of Terror

The wave of killing from 1793 to 1794.

Beheading

Fate of Louis XVI and his wife.

Dictator

Type of ruler Napoleon was from 1799 to 1814.

Legislature

This body had no power under Napoleon.

Strong central government

Napoleon concentrated9 authority to create this type of government.

Emperor

Napoleon’s new title from 1804 on.

Relatives

People Napoleon often placed on the thrones of conquered states.

French Revolution

Napoleon’s conquests spread the ideas of this movement throughout Europe.

Smuggling

Widespread activity that violated Napoleon’s blockade.

Russia

Huge eastern European country Napoleon invaded in 1812.

Waterloo

Napoleon9s final defeat.

Members of the Third Estate

Everyone except the clergy and nobility

Individual rights, or personal liberties

The people had none of these before the Revolution.

American Revolution

Foreign event that strongly influenced French thinking.

American Revolutionary War

Foreign war that drained the French treasury in the 1770's.

Directory

Government of five directors under the third constitution.

Jean-Paul Marat

Leader of extreme radicals, assassinated in his bath.

Robespierre and Danton?

The two leaders of the radical Jacobins.

The three different groups in the Legislative Assembly

Radicals, moderates, and conservatives (or left, center, and right)

Napoleonic Code

New, uniform system of French civil laws.

Two revolutionary rights Napoleon took away from people

Freedom of speech and the press

Nationalism

Napoleon’s conquests promoted the growth of this feeling.

Portugal and Spain

Southern European countries that drove out the French in 1812-13

Severe Russian Winter

Natural phenomenon that helped defeat Napoleon in Russia.

Louis XVI

French king before and during the Revolution.

Credit / Money

Lack of this caused the king to call on the assembly.

One

Number of votes each estate had in the Estates-General.

Versailles

Site of the costly French court.

Three subdivisions of the Third Estate

Bourgeoisie, manual workers, and serfs and peasants?

Constitutional (limited) monarchy

Type of government set up by the Constitution of 1791.

Church

The National Assembly took away this institution’s land.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document that stated the Revolution’s principles.

Louisiana

Napoleon sold this territory in 1803 to raise money for the army.

Retreat from Moscow (Russia)

Napoleon’s most severe military disaster, 1812-13.

St. Helena

Island off Africa where Napoleon died.

Duke of Wellington

British commander who defeated Napoleon in the final battle.

Germany and Italy

Napoleon inspired desire for national unity in these two areas.

Old Regime

The traditional political and social system of France before the Revolution.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement that strongly influenced French thinking about reform.

Together, not separately

How the Third Estate insisted the Estates must meet.

National Assembly

What the Third Estate declared themselves to be in 1789.

Tennis Court Oath

Pledge taken by the Third Estate to write a constitution.

Abolishing both serfdom and tax exemptions for nobles and 9 clergy

The two reforms passed by the National Assembly in August 1789.

Continental System

Term for Napoleon’s blockade of the British Isle

Holy Roman Empire

Empire abolished by Napoleon.

Austerlitz

Austrian town where Napoleon defeated Russian

Bourbons

Ruling family restored to the French Throne in 1814.

Louis XVIII

Napoleon’s successor as ruler of France.