crim test 1

Normative/positivist

Deviance violates social norms r agreed on/objective

Relativist/social construct

Nothing is inherently deviant society decides through culture in time

Critical perspective

Powerful groups decide what counts as deviant causes. Inequality include a white-collar crime.

Sociological imagination

Theory says look beyond the individual choices a person no problem stems frim social issues

Inductive method

Observe acquire theory

Deductive method

Theory and then test it

Public policy versus private programs

Public policies or government actions, private programs or community organizations the tension is that the government wants an equal playing field. Private wants to focus on individuals

Physical deviance

Appearances such as tattoos and physical function, such as disabilities

Why does deviance change?

They change because Norm’s change with time

relationship deviance

Polyamory age gaps infidelity

Snap dysphoria

Using filters to change appearance causes comparison leads to cosmetic procedure procedures

Self harm

Davian because it violates expectations of self-care

Social class/deviance

The lower class crime is more visible, draw police attention. Upper class is hidden less punishment.

Elite deviance

Crime by the powerful, corporate crime, environmental crime

Positive deviance

Breaking norms in good ways and activist or a whistleblower

Quantitative research

numbers data

Qualitative research

Interviews

Experiment

Cause and effect

Observation

Watching behaviour

Content analysis

Research researching media and documents

Unethical studies

Story of the three twins who were Separated without consent and put into different socioeconomic environments this cost them harm mental health issues, physical distress, violated a consent and cause deception

Rebs/irbs

System to protect participants by ensuring informed consent, confidentiality, minimal risk, and ethical research

Policy refrains

Quick fixes, an example would be more policing often to ignore the root problem supposedly about evidence, space decisions, and practises research and analyzing the cost of programs

Durk/anomie

rapid social change lead to disconnect causes Deviance/suicide

Strain

Inability to achieve Material well/expectations from society

Durkheim five reasons

1 individualism 2 unlimited desires, 3 freedom 4 lack of community, 5 weakening family

Merton/anomie + strain

Not just unregulated goals, but faulty means between cultural goals and obtaining them

Mertons 5 adaptations

1 conformity except goals and means

2 Innovation, except goals not means

3 ritualism not goals, but means

4 Retreat ism no goals or means

5 Rebellion replace goals and means

Clow/oh

Diff opportunity not everyone has equal access to criminal opportunities

Criminal subculute

Lower class/organized crime

Conflict sub

Disorganized, low crime opportunity

RetreatIst

Double failures usually addicts

Cohen/ status frustration

Working class boys want respect, turn to deviance for social validation anonymous the frustration, and the social learning is the means

Agnew

Strain can come from negative relationships like a death of a member or abuse

Messner/ros

American dream Valley’s money family and education become weak and crime goes up

Dhaw/mkay - social disorg.

Crime happens because of neighbourhood conditions, poverty, residential mobility, and weak institutions

Consenteic zone model

1 Business district and business activity

2 Zone of transition factories cheap for the poor

3 Working class zone in your city cheap housing

4 Residential zone middle class house with yard

5 Commuter zone high class suburbs

Collective efficacy

Willing to maintain order as a community higher efficacy, less crime

Structural factors versus neighbourhoods

Poverty people moving heterogeneity

Individual efficacy

Confidence and own abilities

Parental efficacy

Parent, supervision of child’s efficacy

Social cohesion

Neighbourhood trust each other to maintain order

Broken window theory

Visible crime promotes more crime can lead to over policing in poor communities

Differential association

Crime is learned from others through communication) friend groups you have to learn techniques

Akers social learning

Even behaviour is learning through operant conditioning Through differential reinforcement or discrimination of behaviors, and you can imitate behaviour is observed + reenacted

Akers 5

1 Denial of responsibility individual is pushed towards deviance

2 Denial of injury no one was hurt

3 Denial of victim victim deserve to be harmed

4 Condemn the condemner, others behaviours deviance so it cancels out

5 Appeal to higher royal deviance required for good of small group

Personal attitude definitions

Positive means crime is OK negative crime isn’t OK ways to justify or make crime seem necessary

Culture/subculture theories

Different groups, different norms, mainstream processes, TV and subculture says it’s normal example BDSM