BIO 121 – Unit 4 Cram Guide with Hybrid

What is the main job of the digestive system?

Break food down mechanically and chemically, absorb nutrients, and eliminate waste.

Name the four accessory organs of the digestive system.

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

What does absorption mean in the context of the digestive system?

The process of digested nutrients entering the bloodstream or lymph.

What is the food pathway in the digestive system?

Oral Cavity → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.

What mnemonic helps to remember the accessory organs of the digestive system?

“SLiP Along Food Slowly Like Real Ants” represents Salivary glands, Liver, and Pancreas.

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and Serosa.

Which layer of the alimentary canal performs peristalsis?

Muscularis.

What is the function of the greater omentum?

It acts as a fat apron in the abdominal cavity.

Which gland is known as the largest salivary gland?

Parotid gland.

What enzyme initiates starch digestion in saliva?

Amylase.

What structure guards the airway during swallowing?

Epiglottis.

What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

It controls the emptying of the stomach.

What are the regions of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum.

What is the function of duodenal glands?

To secrete alkaline mucus to neutralize stomach acid.

What is anabolism?

The process of building molecules.

What is catabolism?

The process of breaking down molecules.

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and NADH.

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid is produced due to low ATP.

What is the mnemonic for carbohydrate metabolic pathways?

“Good Girls Go” (Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis).

What is β-Oxidation?

The process in which fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA.

How does the body respond to overheating?

By vasodilation and sweating.