Respiratory System

Oropharynx

Specific spot in the pharynx where the nasal and oral cavities meet

Trachea

This structure has C-shaped cartilage rings to maintain the airway open

Epiglottis

This ensures that food goes down the esophagus and air proceeds down the airway

Alveoli (alveolus)

This is the site of external respiration

Conchae

These uneven projections increase turbulence of inhaled air to deflect inhaled particles onto its mucus coated surface.

Oxygen

This gas is high in concentration during inhalation, and low in concentration during exhaling

Capillaries

These surround the alveoli and are involved in gas exchange between respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Bronchioles (alveolar duct)

These structures lead to the alveoli

Elastin

This structure is stretched out when an alveolus has a large volume

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor

These are the three gases present during gas exchange

Tidal volume

Name of ‘normal’ breathing

Vital capacity

This is the maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily inhaled and exhaled

Elastin

These structures are involved in exhaling during tidal volume

21%

The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere

The movement of air follows this pressure gradient

High to low pressure

Decrease in pressure

Increasing lung volume causes this to pressure

Decrease in PO2

An increase in altitude causes this to PO2

Diffusion

Exchange of both oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and capillaries occurs by this

CO2

While holding you breath, this gas increases in the body

Decrease in collisions

When lung volume increases, this happens to collisions in the lung

Diaphragm and external intercostals

Muscles involved in tidal volume

Alveolar and atmospheric pressures are equal

Inhaling continues till this is reached

laryngopharynx

Lowest portion of pharynx

Total lung volume

The total amount of air that can exist in the lungs at any given moment

pulmonary vein

Specifically where oxygenated blood goes after leaving the alveolus capillary

Internal intercostals, rectus abdomens, external oblique, internal oblique, transversals abdominis

Muscles involved in forceful expiration

Systemic capillaries and body cells

Locations of the body where internal respiration occurs

Nasal Cavity

Warm/moistens/filters incoming air

Larynx

Vocal cords: sound production Epiglottis: separates where food and air goes

Lung (pleural lining)

Holds lungs in place

Diaphragm

Muscle involved in quiet and forceful inhales

Pharynx

Connects oral and nasal cavities. Warm/moistens air too

Trachea

C-shaped cartilage ensures airway is open. Moistens/warms/filters air

Bronchus or bronchi

Cartilage rings to ensure airway is open moistens/warms air

Alveoli

Actual spot of gas exchange between respiratory system and cardiovascular system

Cilia in trachea

Beat up→ To move debris to epligottis to swallow down esophagus

Cilia in pharynx

Beat down → To move debris to esophagus

Alveolus

Where does gas exchange occur

Pharynx

Passageway for both food and air (throat)

Larynx

Produces sound

Nasal Cavity

Structure that warms, moistens, and filters air

Bronchi

All air flows, but no food passes through this pathway with ring -shaped pieces of cartilage

Bronchi

Two branches that carry air into and out of the lung, surround by rings of cartilage

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, laryngopharynx

From superior to inferior, the three regions of the pharynx

Nose,pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

Correct pathway air flows through the respiratory system

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

Increases volume of lungs

inhalation

Contracting intercostals

Tidal Volume

Amount of air exchanged in a quiet inhale and a quiet exhale (normal breathing)

Vital capacity

Total amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled voluntarily

Total lung volume/capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be in the lungs

Inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume

Residual volume

Amount of air in the throughout that CAN NOT be removed voluntarily

Spirometer reading

A reading that measures various lung volumes and respiratory rates

Sternocleidomatoids

Pulls superiority on rib cage (increase lung volume )

Scalenes

Pulls superiority on rib cage (increase lung volume )

External intercostals

Pulls superiority on rib cage (increase lung volume )

Internal intercostals

Pulls inferiorly on rib cage (secretes lung volume )

Diaphragm

Pulls inferiorly on lungs (increase lung volume )

Rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, internal obliques, external obliques

Ab muscles

Ab muscles

When these contract, they push internally and superiorly on the lungs and squish or compressed the alveoli which decreases lung volume

Quiet inhale

External intercostals and diaphragm contract, causing the Avioli to stretch out increasing Lung volume

Forceful inhale

External intercostals and diaphragm scalenes and sternocleidomastoid contract, searching out the alveoli the lungs and increases lung volume

Forceful exhale

Muscles push on the lungs superiorly and the internal intercostals pull in purely on the rib cage, which greatly squishes/compresses the alveoli and the lungs decreases volume.

Quiet exhale

Elastin is recoiling which decreases lung volume

Pulmonary ventilation

Air moving from the atmosphere to the alveoli

External respiration

Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

Internal respiration

At systemic capillaries gas exchange between blood and cells inside the body

Lungs (hold air)

Left lung has cardiac notch