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P1000 pipette
Dispenses 100-1000 µl.
P20 pipette
Dispenses 2-20 µl.
Forward pipetting
Aqueous solutions
Reverse pipetting
Viscous liquids
Repetitive pipetting
For dispensing the same volume multiple times.
Beer Lambert's Law
A = εcl (Absorbance = molar absorptivity × concentration × path length).
Spectrophotometer
Measures absorbance of light in a solution.
Resolution formula
d = λ / 2NA (d = resolution
Microscope magnification
Total magnification = Eyepiece mag × Objective mag.
Stage micrometer
Used to calibrate the eyepiece graticule.
Eyepiece graticule
Measures sample size under the microscope.
Oil immersion
Used with the 100X lens to improve resolution.
Serial dilution
Dilutes a substance multiple times by a factor (e.g.
Dilution formula
C1V1 = C2V2 (Initial conc. × Initial vol. = Final conc. × Final vol.).
T-test
Statistical test comparing means of two groups.
Paired sample T-test
Compares means from the same group over time.
Independent sample T-test
Compares means between two different groups.
Allura Red
Common food dye used in absorbance measurement.
Mitosis
Process of cell division producing two identical cells.
Interphase
Preparation phase before mitosis (G1
Prophase
Chromosomes condense
Metaphase
Chromosomes align in the center of the cell.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase
Nuclear membranes reform
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm
Mitotic index
Percentage of cells undergoing mitosis = (Mitosis cells / Total cells) × 100.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Necrosis
Unintentional cell death due to damage or injury.
Autophagy
Cellular degradation of organelles using lysosomes.
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell growth
Chemotherapy
Treatment targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells.
5-Fluorouracil (5FU)
Chemotherapy drug inhibiting DNA synthesis.
MTT assay
Measures cell viability by assessing metabolic activity.
DNA fragmentation
A key indicator of apoptosis in cells.
Absorbance formula
A = -log(T) (A = absorbance
Spectrophotometer blank
Solution used to zero the spectrophotometer.
Cuvette
A small
Path length
Distance light travels through the sample in the cuvette (typically 1 cm).
Absorbance maximum
Wavelength where a substance absorbs the most light.
Catalase
Enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
H2O2 decomposition
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 (Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide).
CTT1 gene
Gene encoding catalase T in yeast cells.
Protein concentration assay
Uses Bradford reagent to measure protein.
Bradford reagent
Reagent that binds proteins and changes color for absorbance measurement.
Yeast cells
Used in lab experiments to study enzyme activity and genetics.
Wild-type yeast
Normal yeast strain used as a control in experiments.
Dctt1 mutant yeast
Yeast strain lacking catalase T for H2O2 breakdown.
Centrifugation
Spins samples at high speed to separate components.
Vortexing
Mixing technique used to thoroughly combine samples.
Glass beads
Used in cell disruption to break open yeast cells for analysis.
Cell viability formula
Viability = (A_treated / A_control) × 100 (MTT assay result calculation).
Oxidative stress
Damage caused by reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes
Organelles in cells that contain catalase to detoxify H2O2.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Reactive oxygen species broken down by catalase.
Optical density (OD)
Measurement of how much light is absorbed by a sample.
Standard curve
Graph of known concentrations to calculate unknown values.
Incident light
Light that strikes a sample in a spectrophotometer.
Transmitted light
Light that passes through the sample in a spectrophotometer.
Spectrophotometer wavelength range
Typically measures light between 190-900 nm.
Cell death types
Apoptosis (programmed)
Cell plate
Structure that forms between two dividing plant cells during cytokinesis.
Cleavage furrow
Indentation in an animal cell where the cell begins to divide during cytokinesis.
Contractile ring
Structure made of actin that helps form the cleavage furrow in animal cells.
Chromatin
Uncondensed form of DNA found during interphase.
Spindle fibers
Protein structures that pull chromosomes apart during mitosis.
Centrosomes
Organelles that organize spindle fibers during mitosis.
Kinetochore
Structure on chromatids where spindle fibers attach during mitosis.
Metaphase plate
Imaginary plane where chromosomes align during metaphase.
Contractile proteins
Involved in the formation of the cleavage furrow in cytokinesis.
Golgi apparatus
Organelle involved in producing the cell plate in plant cytokinesis.
Spectrophotometer calibration
Process of setting the machine to zero using a blank solution.
Graphing absorbance
Plot absorbance against concentration to create a standard curve.
Microscope light source
Provides illumination for observing specimens.
Numerical aperture
Lens's ability to gather light
Microscope fine focus
Used to adjust the focus precisely when viewing a specimen.
Microscope coarse focus
Moves the stage up or down to bring the sample into view.
Objective lens
Provides varying levels of magnification (e.g.
Iris diaphragm
Adjusts the amount of light reaching the specimen on the microscope.
Condenser
Focuses light on the sample to improve image clarity in microscopy.
Lab 1 procedure
Measure Allura Red concentration in drinks using absorbance.
Lab 1 analysis
Create a standard curve from known Allura Red concentrations.
Lab 2 procedure
Prepare onion skin samples and visualize under the microscope.
Lab 2 observations
Identify cell organelles and microorganisms from pond water.
Lab 3 procedure
Prepare onion root tips to observe stages of mitosis.
Lab 3 observation
Calculate mitotic index from observed cells.
Lab 4 procedure
Investigate cell death and DNA fragmentation using staining techniques.
Lab 4 analysis
Identify apoptosis through DNA fragmentation patterns.
Lab 5 procedure
Measure catalase activity in yeast strains with H2O2 exposure.
Lab 5 results
Compare catalase activity between wild-type and mutant yeast.
Note 
Flashcard (24)