Neurotransmitters
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48 Terms
What are the 4 categories of neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine, amino acids, monoamines, and neuropeptides
What is the location of acetylcholine?
neuromuscular junctions, most synapses of ANS, retina, brain
What are the actions of acetylcholine?
excites skeletal muscle, inhibits cardiac muscle, excitatory or inhibitory effects on smooth muscles & glands
What are the four amino acids?
glutamate, aspartame, glycine, and GABA
Where is glutamate found?
cerebral cortex and brainstem
What does glutamate do?
excitatory synaptic transmissions in the brain, learning & memory
Where is aspartate found?
spinal cord
What is the function of aspartate?
similar to glutamate
Where is glycine found?
brain, spinal cord, retina
What is the function of glycine?
inhibitory neurotransmitter (spinal cord)
Where is GABA found?
thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, occipital lobes, retina
What is the function of GABA?
inhibitory neurotransmitter (brain)
What are the 5 neurotransmitters of monoamines?
norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
Where is norepinephrine found?
sympathetic nervous system, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, brainstem, cerebellum, spinal cord
What is the function of norepinephrine?
dreaming, waking, mood, excites cardiac muscle, can inhibit/excite smooth muscle & glands
Where is epinephrine found?
hypothalamus, thalamus, spinal cord, medulla
What is the effect of epinephrine?
similar to norepinephrine
Where is dopamine found?
hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex, retina
What is the function of dopamine?
elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscles
Where is serotonin found?
hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebellum, retina, spinal cord
What secretes serotonin?
secreted by blood platelets and intestinal cells
What are the functions of serotonin?
sleepiness, alertness, thermoregulation, mood, behavior
Where is histamine found?
hypothalamus
What is the function of histamine?
vasodilator released by mast cells (connective tissue) and basophils (blood)
What are the 4 neuropeptides?
substance p, enkephalins, B-endorphin, cholecystokinin
Where is substance p found?
basal nuclei, midbrain, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, small intestines, pain-receptor neurons
What does substance p do?
mediates pain transmission
Where are enkephalins found?
hypothalamus, limbic system, pituitary, pain pathways of spinal cord, nerve endings of digestive tract
What are the functions of enkephalins?
act as pain relievers by inhibiting substance p, inhibits intestinal motility, modulate immune response
Where are b-endorphins found?
digestive tract, spinal cord, parts of the brain
What secretes b-endorphins?
pituitary gland
What do b-endorphins do?
suppresses pain
Where is cholecystokinin found?
cerebral cortex and small intestine
What does cholecystokinin do?
suppress appetite
Where is acetylcholine active? (PNS,CNS,both?)
PNS & CNS
Where is glutamate active?
CNS
Where is aspartate active?
CNS
Where is glycine active?
CNS & PNS
Where is GABA active?
CNS & PNS
Where is norepinephrine?
CNS
Where is epinephrine active?
CNS
Where is dopamine active?
CNS
Where is serotonin active?
CNS
Where is histamine active?
CNS
Where is substance P active?
CNS & PNS
Where are enkephalins active?
CNS & PNS
Where are b-endorphins active?
CNS & PNS
Where are cholecystokinins active?
CNS & PNS