Music, Section II

What is the scientific name for humans?

Homo sapiens

On which continent are the oldest traces of human beings found?

Africa

What might human beings be better able to survive with in hard times due to their slimmer and taller bodies?

less food

Which more heavily built primates had a lower likelihood of surviving in hard times with less food?

Neanderthals

What kind of weapon, attached to throwing spears, were humans particularly skilled at crafting?

elongated and stronger blades

What did early humans' sharp and elongated throwing spears make them more successful at doing?

hunting

What kind of legacy did early Homo sapiens leave behind in a context related to the arts?

artistic

Which two kinds of carvings did early Homo sapiens create?

etchings and bone carvings

From how many years ago did the rib-bone fragment containing a carved image of a horse's head date, as seen in the Resource Guide?

12,500

What landform did early Homo sapiens paint the walls of?

caves

Which instrument and from what material did early Homo sapiens craft?

bone flutes

What was the second continent that Homo sapiens settled in?

Asia

How many years ago did Homo sapiens first arrive in Asia? Provide a lower and upper bound.

60,000 to 80,000 years ago

How many years ago did Homo sapiens first arrive in Europe?

40,000 years ago

Into which kinds of regions did Homo sapiens gradually push the Neanderthals?

less-hospitable mountains

How many years ago did the Neanderthals go extinct?

25,000 years ago

How many years ago did Homo sapiens first arrive in North America?

15,000 years ago

After North America, which region did Homo sapiens populate next?

South America

What was the only mode of transportation that early Homo sapiens was forced to use?

their feet

Which two "rideable" species existed alongside early Homo sapiens, but where hunted for food rather than used for transportation?

horses and camels

From which region did the fossilized horse skull featured in the Resource Guide originate?

Azerbaijan

How many years ago did the horse whose fossilized skull is featured in the Resource Guide live? Provide a lower and upper bound.

70,000 to 180,000 years ago

Between which years BCE did humans domesticate horses?

5,000 to 4,000 BCE

Before which year BCE did humans domesticate camels?

2,000 BCE

Who decided to trace the migration path of early Homo sapiens on their own feet? Provide their name, occupation, and lifespan.

jourlaist Paul Salopek (1962 - present)

How long is the distance of the migration path that Paul Salopek is tracing?

24,000 miles

From where to where does Paul Salopek's journey along a migration path go?

Africa to South America

In which city and country is the earliest remains of a recognizably "human" subspecies located?

Herto Bouri, Ethiopia

Which recognizably "human" subspecies was found in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia?

Homo sapiens idaltu

What is the nickname of the early Homo sapiens idaltu fossil found in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia?

"Herto man"

How old are the fossilized remains of Homo sapiens idaltu found in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia?

about 160,000 years old

In which area of South America will Paul Salopek's journey end, at the southern tip of the continent?

Tierra del Fuego

What does Paul Salopek call his expedition from Africa to South America?

the "Out of Eden Walk"

Which website posts periodic updates on Paul Salopek's journey across the human migration path?

National Geographic

How many years did Paul Salopek initially think his journey would last?

seven years

As of 2025, for how many years has Paul Salopek been walking?

a dozen years

What fraction of the distance does Paul Salopek still have to cover, even after walking for a dozen years?

more than half

What did camels become known as due to their uses for transportation?

"ships of the desert"

During the first thousand years CE, across which two regions' trade goods were transported via camel caravans?

the Middle East and western Asia

Which technology's invention provided another strong motivation for domesticating animals?

the wheel

When was the wheel invented? Provide a lower and upper bound.

3500 to 3350 BCE

In which region and country did images of wagons on clay tablets provide evidence for the invention of the wheel?

ancient Uruk, Iraq

In which region and country did wagon ruts in the ground provide evidence for the invention of the wheel?

Flintbek, Germany

In which region and country did a depiction of a wheeled vehicle on a pot provide evidence for the invention of the wheel?

Bronocice, Poland

Which kind of vehicle were humans able to pull?

two-wheeled carts

Which two strong beasts of burden did larger four-wheeled wagons depend on?

oxen and horses

Which era had seen the inventions of four-wheeled wagons, as seen in a ceramic crafting of one featured in the Resource Guide? Provide the era's name and the timespan?

the Bronze Age (2100 - 1900 BCE)

Who invented the precursor to a modern bicycle? Provide their name, occupation, and lifespan.

aristocrat Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun (1785 - 1851)

In which city did Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun showcase his invention?

Mannheim, Germany

On what date did Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun showcase his invention?

June 12, 1817

Although Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun's invention resembles today's bicycle, what key component did it lack?

pedals

How far was Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun able to travel in under an hour on his invention? Provide the distance in kilometers and miles?

14 km (8.7 mi)

What did Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun call his invention?

a "Laufmaschine"

What does "Laufmaschine" translate to?

"running machine"

What two nicknames did people give to Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun's "Laufmaschine"?

a "draisine" or "dandyhorse"

Who invented the "pedal" system for the dandyhorse? Provide their nationality, occupation, and name.

Scottish blacksmith, Kirkpatrick Macmillan

In what year did Kirkpatrick Macmillan invent the "pedal" system for the dandyhorse?

1839

Which machine's treadle did Kirkpatrick Macmillan's "pedal" system for the dandyhorse resembl?

a sewing machine

Which two inventors put pedals on the front wheel of the dandyhorse to operate the cranks? Provide their names and lifespans.

Pierre Michaux (1813 - 83) and Pierre Lallement (1843 - 91)

In what region and in what decade did Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallemant put pedals on the front wheel of the dandyhorse to operate the cranks?

in France in the 1860s

What term did Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallemant use for their machine?

"vélocipède"

In what year did Pierre Michaux advertise his vélocipèdes?

1869

What does "vélocipède" translate to?

"fast feet"

What did many people start to call the vélocipède due to its wooden wheels that gave it no cushion?

a "boneshaker"

Which material did the vélocipède's wheels switch to after wood?

iron

What design succeeded the initial vélocipède?

a "high-wheeler"

Which part of the "high-wheeler" version of the vélocipède was made much larger?

the front wheel

In what decade was the "high-wheeler" version of the vélocipède developed?

the 1870s

What was the "high-wheeler" version of the vélocipède nicknamed?

the "penny-farthing"

What does the nickname "penny-farthing" refer to?

two British coins with different diameters

How large was the diameter of the front wheel of the penny-farthing?

five feet

How large was the diameter of the rear wheel of the penny-farthing?

sixteen inches

What nickname did the penny-farthing acquire due to its danger to operate?

the "widow-maker"

Because the rider of a penny-farthing sat very high off the ground, what did falls become known as?

"taking a header"

Which design came about due to the danger of the penny-farthing?

the "safety" bicycle

In which decade was the "safety" bicycle developed to eliminate the danger of the penny-farthing?

the mid-1880s

Who built the first commercially successful safety bicycle? Provide their nationality, occupation, name, and lifespan.

British inventor John Kemp Starley (1855 - 1901)

In what year did John Kemp Starley invent the first safety bicycle?

1885

What did John Kemp Starley call the first safety bicycle?

"Rover"

What component replaced the wooden or iron wheels of safety bicycles later on?

pneumatic rubber tires

In what decade did pneumatic rubber tires replace the wooden or iron wheels of safety bicycles?

the 1890s

Which organization's membership was composed of people who cycled?

the League of American Wheelmen

What was the membership of the League of American Wheelmen by the end of the nineteenth century?

over 100,000

Which kind of vehicle, built for two riders, was rode by women with a partner?

the tandem bicycle

In what decade did tandem bicycles begin to appear?

the 1880s

Who had envisioned, but not constructed, a tandem design decade decades before it first appeared? Provide their name only.

Baron Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun

Unlike later tandem bicycles, where was the non-steering rider on early models?

on the front saddle

Typically, what gender was the non-steering rider on early tandem bikes?

a woman

Which song's sheet music cover shows a female rider in the front seat of a tandem bicycle?

"Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)"

Which country's sheet music cover for "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" shows a female rider in the front seat of a tandem bicycle?

Australia

In what year was "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" released?

1892

What kind of literary device relating to bicycles is "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)" filled with?

puns

Who was the original composer of "Daisy Bell (Bicycle Built for Two)"? Provide their pen name.

Harry Dacre

Whose pen name was Harry Dacre? Provide their name and lifespan.

Frank Dean (1857 - 1922)

In which country did Harry Dacre write hundreds of songs?

England

Which country did Harry Dacre voyage to as a result of exhaustion from writing in England?

the United States

Because Harry Dacre took his bicycle with him, what did he have to pay when arriving in the United States?

import duties

In which state did Harry Dacre voyage to in the United States?

New York

What inspired Harry Dacre's song about "a bicycle built for two"?

a quip from his friend

What song does one scholar report that Harry Dacre might have already written, similar to "a bicycle built for two", but changed the lyrics?

a "donkey-cart built for two"