Chapter 22

functions of the lymphatic system

fluid balance and lipid absorption and defense

peripheral edema

swelling of tissues usually in legs ankles and feet by excess fluid build up

lymphatic fluid

lymph

area drained by right lymphatic duct

right side of head right upper limb and right thorax area

drained by thoracic duct

drains remainder of body

largest lymphatic vessel and drains into left venous angle

thoracic duct

pre B cell produced and mature

bore marrow and bone marrow

pre T cell produced and mature

bone marrow and thymus gland

natural killer cell produced and mature

bone marrow and bone marrow

stem cell gives rise to

pre B cell and Pre T cell

name for programmed cell death

apoptosis

location of pre T cell maturation

thymus gland

self antigens

own cells

nonself antigens

foreign antigens

What are B cells?

White blood cells that make antibodies to fight infections

What are T cells?

White blood cells that kill infected cells and regulate immune response

What is programmed cell death (apoptosis)?

A controlled process where cells die naturally to keep the body healthy

What is positive selection in T cell maturation?

T cells that recognize self MHC molecules survive

What is negative selection in T cell maturation?

T cells that react too strongly to self proteins are eliminated

Why are positive and negative selection important?

They ensure T cells respond properly—recognizing pathogens but not attacking the body

What is Factor B

complement protein that binds to C3b in the alternative pathway.

What is Factor D

protease that activates Factor B by cleaving it.

Why are Factor B and D important

They help kickstart the alternative complement pathway which fights invaders fast without antibodies.

What is IgG

The most common antibody in blood long-term immunity.

What does IgG do

Fights bacteria/viruses

What is IgM

The first antibody made during infection.

What does IgM do

Great at activating complement and clumping pathogens.

lysis

bursting of a cell

perforins are used by

natural killer cells

which cells punch holes in cells that seem abnormal

natural killer cells

activated B cells create

antibodies

gives rise to all lymphocytes

hemocytoblasts

where are hemocytoblasts made

red bone marrow

CD4 cells

helper T. cells

CD8 cells

cytotoxic T. cells

mature T. cells are involved in

cell mediated immunity

CD4 and CD8 give rise to

memory and suppressor T. cells

cells that directly encounter cell mediated immunity

CD4 and CD8

cell involved in immunological surveillance

natural killer cells

superior tonsil

pharyngeal tonsil

bilateral tonsil

palatine tonsil

inferior tonsil

lingual tonsil

peyer's patch

immune systems first line of defense

lymph nodes contain

lymphatic nodule with germinal center

carry lymph fluid towards a lymph node

afferent lymphatic vessel

white pulp

lymph nodule

key component of spleen

white pulp

innate nonspecific resistance

body defenses present at birth genetically determined

physical barriers

prevent entry or remove microbes

chemical mediators

promate phagocytosis and inflammation

complement system

promote inflammation

interferons

produced by virally infected cells

adaptive specific immunity

acquire throughout life

cytotoxic T-lymphocyte

CD8 cell

helper T-lymphocyte

CD4 cell

recognizing a particular substance

non-self antigen

C3b and protein enhancement

opsonization

purpose of C3b

enhance ficositosis

innate immunity

membrane attack complex MAC

MAC is part of

compliment system

what causes lysis

MAC

immunoglobulins

Y shaped proteins

alternative pathway

part of innate immunity

classical pathway

part of adaptive immunity

neutrophils

first to enter infected cell

macrophages

monocytes that leave blood and enter tissues

Reticuloendothelial cells

in the paranasal sinuses

Dust cells alveolar macrophages

in the lungs

Kupffer cells

in the liver

Microglia cells

in the CNS

Basophils and mast cells

promote inflammation when activated by innate or adaptive system and release histamine and leukotrienes

Eosinophils

leave blood and enter tissues and reduce inflammation

Latin for pain

dolor

Only one antibody that can cross into placenta

IgG

What does acquired adaptive immunity give rise to

passive and active immunity

What does passive immunity do

gives antibodies

What does active immunity do

gives non self antibodies

What does passive and active immunity give rise to

natural and artificial

What is natural passive immunity

antibodies from mother are transferred to her child across the placenta or in breast milk

What antibodies are in natural passive immunity

IgG and IgA

What is artificial passive immunity

antibodies produced by another person or an animal are injected

Example of artificial passive immunity

rabies

What is natural active immunity

antigens are introduced through natural exposure

Example of natural active immunity

covid 19

What is artificial active immunity

antigens are deliberately introduced in a vaccine

Example of artificial active immunity

annual flu shot

What is in artificial active immunity

non self antigen

What is in artificial passive immunity

antibody

What is used to attract CD8 cells

MHC Class I molecule

MHC class I molecule

proteins found on the surface of almost all nucleated cells in the body and play a crucial role to CD8 cells and help the immune system identify and eliminate infected cells.

MHC class II molecule

proteins on the surface of antigen-presenting cells that present processed antigens to CD4 cells initiating an immune response and these molecules are crucial for activating the adaptive immune system.

What is the basic shape of an antibody?

Y-shaped

How many chains make up an antibody?

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

What holds the antibody chains together?

Disulfide bonds (S—S)

Where are the light chains located?

On the outer sides of the Y arms

Why are disulfide bonds important in antibodies?

They hold the structure together and provide stability

What is the main function of IgG?

Crosses the placenta and activates classical complement

What is the main function of IgA?

Found in bodily secretions (tears

What is the main function of IgM?

First antibody made and activates classical complement pathway

What is the main function of IgE?

Involved in allergic reactions; triggers histamine release