AP World Chapter 25

acculturation

the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

loyalist

a person who remains loyal to the established ruler or government, especially in the face of a revolt.

subordination

ranking in terms of importance

federation

a group of states with a central government but independence in internal affairs.

submission

the act of yielding to the authority of another

republic

A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws.

constitutional

allowed by the constitution

regionalism

loyalty to the interests of a particular region

mediate

to act as negotiator between opposing sides in a dispute

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

junta

a military group ruling a country after seizing power

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

Jose Maria Morelos

He led Mexican rebels against the Spanish after Miguel Hidalgo in 1811

Agustin de Iturbide

Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 1824.

Pedro I

declared Brazil free from Portugal and became their first king.

Confederation of 1867

created the Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Jose Antonio Paez

Venezuelan soldier who led Simón Bolívar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. Unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolívar's government in distant Bogotá, he declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Colombia in 1829.

Benito Juarez

became the president of Mexico in 1858 and led the way to reform

Maximilian I of Mexico

The only monarch of the Second Mexican Empire.

Napoleon III

nephew of Napoleon I and emperor of the French from 1852 to 1871

War of the Triple Alliance

Paraguay vs. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay

War of the Pacific

Conflict over the Atacama nitrate fields led in 1879 to this war, which resulted in the humiliating defeat of Bolivia and Peru by Chile. It also resulted in Bolivia becoming a landlocked country.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who tried to unite Native American tribes

Araucanian Indians

A member of a widespread group of South American Indian peoples of south-central Chile and the western pampas of Argentina, including the Mapuche.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Caste War

(1847-1901) Conflict between Mayan Indians and the Mexican state over Indian autonomy and legal equality, which resulted in the Mexican takeover of the Yucatan peninsula.

abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery

Women's Rights Convention

Meeting in Seneca Falls, New York of feminists; 1848; First meeting for women's rights, helped in long struggle for women to be equal to men

development

A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

underdevelopment

A level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached given the natural and human resources of an area where necessary capital and technology are available.

Minas Gerais

Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed.