Exam 1 -- Heart only

what does the right side of the heart pump to, more specfiic what system?

pulmonary system

what does the left side of the heart pump to, more specific what system

systemic system, to the rest of the body

do veins bring blood towards or away from the heart

towards

do arteries bring blood towards or away from the heart

away

what is the other name for the right atrioventricular valve

tricupsid valve

what is the other name for the left atrioventricular valve

bicupsid/mitral valve

where does deoxygenated blood go to, what side, and is it a atria or ventricle

right atrium

What veins carry oxygenated blood

pulmonary veins

what cavity is the heart located in

pericardial cavity within mediastinum

where does the apex of the heart point

towards the left hip

where does the base of the heart point

right shoulder

Where is the heart located, more specifically, where in comparison to the ribs

between the 5th intercostal space

What does the pericardium function for the heart, and what membrane is it considered

• serous membrane

• ankers heart in place

• allows free movement

what does the superficial fibrous pericardium do

protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling

What are the names of the deep two-layered serous pericardium

• parietal

• visceral

define the parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

define the visceral layer (epicardium)

external surface of the heart

What separates the parietal layer and the visceral layer of the heart

fluid-filled pericardial space

what are the three main layers of the heart wall

• epicardium

• myocardium

• endocardium

what does the myocardium contain

• atrial muscle mass

• ventricular muscle mass

• thickest layer; spiral bundles of cardiac muscle

• crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue fibers

what does the endocardium contain

• lines chambers

  • continuous with the endothelium of vessels

what are the external delineations that tell you where the chambers are

• coronary sulcus

• interventricular sulcus

what is the foramen ovale

hole in the interatrial septum, so it can jump from over to left atrium

define auricles

appendages that increase atrial volume

what are the names of the three veins that empty deoxygenated blood into right atrium

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

how many veins empty oxygenated blood into left atrium

4 pulmonary veins

define trabeculae carnae

ridged appearance of muscle inside chambers

Define papillary muscles

anchor chordae tendineae

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to, and what kind of blood is it

• deoxygenated blood

• into pulmonary trunk

where does the right ventricle pump blood to, and what kind of blood is it

• oxygenated blood

• aorta

what is the main priority for function for heart valves

to ensure undirectional blood flow through the heart

what are heart valves formed from

CT of cardiac skeleton

where are the two atrioventricular valves located and what is their primary function

• between atria and ventricles

• prevent backflow into atria when ventricle contrast

where are the two semilunar valves located and what is their primary function

• Located at the exit of the heart

• prevent backflow into ventricles when the ventricles relax

what are the names of the two atrioventricular valves, and what side are they located

• tricupsid; right

• mitral/bicupsid; left

what do chordae tendineae anchor the cusps to for the valves

papillary muscles

what is the speed and pressure of the pulmonary circuit

short, low-pressure

what is the speed and pressure of the systemic circuit

long, high-pressure; encounters much resistance in the long pathway

what is the order of the pulmonary circuit

• right atrium

• tricuspid valve

• right ventricle

• pulmonary semilunar valve

• pulmonary trunk

• left/right pulmonary arteries

• lungs

• pulmonary veins (2 right/2 left)

what is the order of the systemic circuit

• left atrium

• bicupsid/mitral valve

• left ventricle

• aortic semilunar valve

• aorta

• out to body

• superior/inferior vena cava

• right atrium

what is the function of the coronary circulation

blood supply to the heart muscle

where do the coronary arties originate from

base of aorta

what is the branch of the left coronary artery

• anterior interventricular artery

• circumflex artery

what are the 2 branches of the right coronary artery

• right marginal artery

• posterior interventricular artery

what do cardiac veins do

collect deoxygenated blood from myocardium

define coronary sinus

• Enlarged vein on posterior surface

• empties into the right atrium

• formed by the merging cardiac veins

define the great cardiac vein

anterior interventricular sulcus

define middle cardiac vein

in posterior interventricular sulcus

define small cardiac vein

inferior margin

Where do the majority of the anterior cardiac veins drain

right atrium

What can prolonged coronary blockage lead to

myocardial infarction

define intercalated discs

junctions between cells — anchor cardiac cells

function of desmosomes in correlation to the heart

prevent cells from separating during contraction

function of gap junction in correlation to the heart

allow ions to pass from cell to cell; electrically couple adjacent cells

• allows heart to be functional syncytium

how is cardiac muscle contraction similar to skeletal muscle

• depolarization opens voltage-gated fast Na+ channels in sarcolemma

• depolarization wave down tubules —> SR to release Ca2+ —> excitation-contraction coupling occurs

• Ca2+ binds troponin —> cross bridges form —> filaments slide

how do cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle differentiate

• Do not need nervous system stimulation

• Special non-contractile cells that spontaneously depolarize

• all contract as a unit

what kind of contraction can’t occur in cardiac muscle and why

tetanic contractions, due to long absolute refractory period