Chinese Philosophies: Confucianism-Legalism-Taoism

Li

Rite, rules, ritual decorum, serving as the binding force of an enduring stable society.

Ren

Humaneness, benevolence, humanity.

Shu

Reciprocity, empathy; do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.

Yi

Righteousness.

Xiao

Filial piety; respect your elders.

Confucianism

A philosophical and ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing moral order, social relationships, and governance.

Legalism

A political philosophy that emphasizes strict adherence to laws, with the belief that human nature is inherently selfish and that order is maintained through harsh laws.

Dao (Tao)

The first-cause of the universe, a force that flows through all life, and the foundational concept in Daoism.

Wu wei

The concept of 'non-action' or 'effortless action,' suggesting the importance of going with the flow of life.

Hierarchy in Confucian relationships

The established order of relationships, including Ruler-Subject, Father-Son, Husband-Wife, Older Brother-Younger Brother, and Older Friend-Younger Friend.

Masculine qualities in Daoism

Active, light, warmth, strong, associated with heaven and the sun.

Feminine qualities in Daoism

Passive, darkness, cold, weak, associated with earth and the moon.

The Classic of the Way and Its Power

The basic text of Daoism, detailing the principles of Dao and emphasizing the contrast between knowledge and silence.

Human nature in Legalism

Belief that human nature is naturally selfish, requiring strict laws and punishment to maintain order.

The role of the emperor in Confucianism

The emperor is considered an example of proper behavior and plays a pivotal role in social relationships.

Daoist philosophy

Philosophy emphasizing living in harmony with the Dao, rejecting formal knowledge and political laws.

Confucius

Chinese philosopher (551 – 479 B.C.E.) who emphasized morality, social relationships, and justice.

Han Fe Zi

A key figure in Legalism (c. 280-233 B.C.E.) who argued for a strong, punishing ruler.