BIOLOGY (Passive and Active Transport)

The movement of molecules in __________ is from an area of higher concentration gradient to an area of lower concentration gradient

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

when water moves from the solution to inside the cell): Cell Swells and bursts open, is also called

cytolysis

This time, integral proteins are not enough so large vesicles will be used to transport the materials.

BULK TRANSPORT

The main the concentration of a substance between two areas

CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Refers to movement of materials in the cell membrane that does not require energy

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane

Osmosis

Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of _____ concentration to an area of _____ concentration.

High to Low

refers to the concentration of solutions in each side of the membrane.

Tonicity

will dictate the movement of solvent across the semi-permeable membrane

Tonicity

The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell.

Hypotonic Solution

(Low solute; High water)

Hypotonic Solution

The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell

Hypertonic Solution

(High solute; Low water)

Hypertonic Solution

when water moves from inside the cell into the solution: Cell shrinks is also called as

Plasmolysis

The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

Isotonic

Water moves equally in both directions and the cell remains same size

Dynamic Equilibrium

the movement of larger molecules like glucose through the cell membrane

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Because larger molecules are less to non permeable to the phospholipid bilayer, molecules will enter via integral proteins like channels and uniporters

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

is the movement of molecules from LOWER to HIGHER concentration gradient.

Active transport

is required as molecules must be pumped against the concentration gradient

Energy

Proteins that work as pumps are called

protein pumps

are transmembrane proteins, which are involved in the active transport of ions across the membrane against the concentration gradient.

PROTEIN PUMPS

Body cells must pump carbon dioxide out into the surrounding blood vessels to be carried to the lungs for exhaling. Blood vessels are high in carbon dioxide compared to the cells, so energy is required to move the carbon dioxide across the cell membrane from ____ to ____ concentration.

LOW to HIGH

Moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, ______ sodium ions are exported _______ potassium ions are imported

3 sodium ions

2 potassium ions

Happens when large amount of materials passes through the membrane.

BULK TRANSPORT

Happens when large amount of materials exits the cell

EXOCYTOSIS

membrane surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane • Ex: Hormones, Cellular Wastes

EXOCYTOSIS

Happens when large amount of materials enters the cell.

ENDOCYTOSIS

are the mechanism by which very large molecules (such as food and wastes) get into and out of the cell

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Food is moved into the cell by

Endocytosis

Wastes are moved out of the cell by

Exocytosis

White Blood Cells, which are part of the immune system, surround and engulf bacteria by

endocytosis

TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Cell drinking. Liquid enters the cell

Pinocytosis

Cell eating. Solids enter the cell

Phagocytosis

the movement of particles down their concentration gradient

SIMPLE DIFFUSION