Studied by 5 people
Causes of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs
Rural - urban migration
Internal growth
Push factors of rural-urban migration in LIDCs
In countryside there is:
No electricity
Lack of job opportunities
Only jobs are hard labour in primary sector
Climate may be different in rural areas e.g. Heavy rainfall in Northern Nigeria pushes people to move to Lagos
Pull factors of rural-urban migration in LIDCs
Good electricity
More jobs
More security
Jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector
More services like schools (and closer together)
Why does rural-urban migration happen more in LIDCs than ACs
In LIDCs, living in the countryside is very different to the city
Whereas in ACs there's not too much of a gap
In Zambia in rural areas only 3% of people have access to electricity, but 47% do in urban areas
Why does internal growth happen in LIDCs
Migrants are young (working age) so are having children
LIDCs have less access to contraception, women are more inclined to have kids than to go to work. This leads to a high birth rate
What are the consequences of rapid urban growth in LIDCs
Leads to slums as government can't support quick population increase
Unemployment -> people work in informal sector
Overcrowding
More crime as people outnumber police
What is suburbanisation and how is it caused
When people move out of the city, into rural or undeveloped land, creating suburbs
Push factors = overcrowding, pollution, traffic, unemployment
Pull factors = green spaces, family friendly, new housing estates, rent is cheaper when further from city, safer
Consequences of suburbanisation
New housing damages countryside and animal habitats
Increase of cars adds air pollution since everyone is commuting
City centres can become deserted as offices and businesses are abandoned
Increased pressure on greenbelt
Better sense of community in suburbs
What is counter urbanisation and how is it caused
When people move from urban to rural areas
Push factors = overcrowding, pollution, traffic
Pull factors = green spaces, safer, family friendly, new housing estates, rent is cheaper, safer, you can work from home, everyone has cars so can commute
Consequences of counter urbanisation
Small villages lose their identity (often become 'commuter towns')
More space in the city
More pollution from cars
Helps keep the countryside modern because new services will be opened up
What is re urbanisation and how is it caused
When people move back into cities
Push factors = lack of jobs in rural areas or suburbs, less leisure and entertainment, counter-urbanisation may have increased house prices
Pull factors = people want entertainment facilities, redevelopment of brownfield sites means improved housing, young people attracted to universities
Consequences of re urbanisation
Shops and services benefit from more residents
House prices increase in redeveloped areas due to more people
Increase in tension between new and old residents
House prices drop in rural areas / suburbs
What is London's importance locally
Economic hubs in the City of London and Canary Wharf generate income and economic growth
What is London's importance nationally
30% of the UK's income comes from London
It is the home of the UK government
It is the UK's capital and wealthiest city
Avg salary in London is more than £10,000 more than the avg salary in the UK
What is London's importance globally
It is close to the UK's busiest airports, Heathrow and Gatwick
It is a worldcity
One of the most important financial centres in the world
Home to the HQs of many international companies
Attracts investment and migrants from across the globe
Patterns of migration and how this is changing the growth and character of the city
The population of the UK is growing due to international migrants
More people are coming to than leaving London
Within the UK, lots of people migrate to London for work or university
As a result, it is a very ethnically diverse city; less than 50% of London is white British
Migration strongly influences London's character
People of the same ethnicity gravitate towards the same areas, creating distinctive areas of a certain culture like Brick Lane
Culture in London
London has famous theatres in the West End
Museums like the National Gallery and the British Museum
Hosts London Fashion Week
Ethnicity in London
There are some areas in London with lots of people from one ethnicity e.g. Chinatown, Brick Lane
Means there is food and music from many different cultures. As well as festivals like Notting Hill Carnival, Chinese New Year parade etc
Housing in London
In richer communities and suburbs, housing is modern apartments or large homes with gardens
In poorer communities in the inner city, housing density is higher and buildings are split between families
Leisure in London
There are lots of leisure facilities like cinemas, pubs etc
London has some of the best shopping areas and restaurants in the whole of the UK
Large parks e.g. Hyde Park
Attractions like the London Eye
Consumption in London
London consumes nearly 7 million tonnes of food a year, most of which is imported
One initiative to make London more sustainable
A congestion charge was introduced to discourage people from driving into the city
Benefits:
Congestion charge has reduced traffic by 35%
Increased public transport usage
12% more cycle journeys into the congestion zone
It reduced levels of nitrous oxides in the air
Downsides:
Pollution from diesel black cabs increased since they are exempt
It burdens drivers with lower incomes that have to drive into the city for their job (e.g. uber drivers)
Leads to overcrowding on tubes and buses
Challenges of living in London (4)
Air pollution
Rise in violent crime
Inequality
Transport system
How is air pollution a problem
2 million Londoners live in areas of pollution above international pollution limits
How is inequality a problem
The gap between rich and poor is very big
Avg income in Kensington and Chelsea is £130,000 but in Newham it is £35,000
How is transport system a problem
Roads are frequently congested
Avg speed traffic in central London is only 8 mph
London Underground is often overcrowded
How is rise in violent crime a probelm
9000 cases of knife crime in 2015 compared to 15,000 in 2023
