mock only - Urban Futures

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37 Terms

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Causes of rapid urbanisation in LIDCs

  • Rural - urban migration

  • Internal growth

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Push factors of rural-urban migration in LIDCs

  • In countryside there is:

    • No electricity

    • Lack of job opportunities

    • Only jobs are hard labour in primary sector

    • Climate may be different in rural areas e.g. Heavy rainfall in Northern Nigeria pushes people to move to Lagos

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Pull factors of rural-urban migration in LIDCs

  • Good electricity

  • More jobs

  • More security

  • Jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector

  • More services like schools (and closer together)

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Why does rural-urban migration happen more in LIDCs than ACs

  • In LIDCs, living in the countryside is very different to the city

  • Whereas in ACs there's not too much of a gap

  • In Zambia in rural areas only 3% of people have access to electricity, but 47% do in urban areas

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Why does internal growth happen in LIDCs

  • Migrants are young (working age) so are having children

  • LIDCs have less access to contraception, women are more inclined to have kids than to go to work. This leads to a high birth rate

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What are the consequences of rapid urban growth in LIDCs

  • Leads to slums as government can't support quick population increase

  • Unemployment -> people work in informal sector

  • Overcrowding

  • More crime as people outnumber police

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What is suburbanisation and how is it caused

  • When people move out of the city, into rural or undeveloped land, creating suburbs

  • Push factors = overcrowding, pollution, traffic, unemployment

  • Pull factors = green spaces, family friendly, new housing estates, rent is cheaper when further from city, safer

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Consequences of suburbanisation

  • New housing damages countryside and animal habitats

  • Increase of cars adds air pollution since everyone is commuting

  • City centres can become deserted as offices and businesses are abandoned

  • Increased pressure on greenbelt

  • Better sense of community in suburbs

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What is counter urbanisation and how is it caused

  • When people move from urban to rural areas

  • Push factors = overcrowding, pollution, traffic

  • Pull factors = green spaces, safer, family friendly, new housing estates, rent is cheaper, safer, you can work from home, everyone has cars so can commute

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Consequences of counter urbanisation

  • Small villages lose their identity (often become 'commuter towns')

  • More space in the city

  • More pollution from cars

  • Helps keep the countryside modern because new services will be opened up

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What is re urbanisation and how is it caused

  • When people move back into cities

  • Push factors = lack of jobs in rural areas or suburbs, less leisure and entertainment, counter-urbanisation may have increased house prices

  • Pull factors = people want entertainment facilities, redevelopment of brownfield sites means improved housing, young people attracted to universities

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Consequences of re urbanisation

  • Shops and services benefit from more residents

  • House prices increase in redeveloped areas due to more people

  • Increase in tension between new and old residents

  • House prices drop in rural areas / suburbs

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What is London's importance locally

  • Economic hubs in the City of London and Canary Wharf generate income and economic growth

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What is London's importance nationally

  • 30% of the UK's income comes from London

  • It is the home of the UK government

  • It is the UK's capital and wealthiest city

  • Avg salary in London is more than ÂŁ10,000 more than the avg salary in the UK

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What is London's importance globally

  • It is close to the UK's busiest airports, Heathrow and Gatwick

  • It is a worldcity

  • One of the most important financial centres in the world

  • Home to the HQs of many international companies

  • Attracts investment and migrants from across the globe

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Patterns of migration and how this is changing the growth and character of the city

  • The population of the UK is growing due to international migrants

  • More people are coming to than leaving London

  • Within the UK, lots of people migrate to London for work or university

  • As a result, it is a very ethnically diverse city; less than 50% of London is white British

  • Migration strongly influences London's character

    • People of the same ethnicity gravitate towards the same areas, creating distinctive areas of a certain culture like Brick Lane

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Culture in London

  • London has famous theatres in the West End

  • Museums like the National Gallery and the British Museum

  • Hosts London Fashion Week

 

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Ethnicity in London

  • There are some areas in London with lots of people from one ethnicity e.g. Chinatown, Brick Lane

  • Means there is food and music from many different cultures. As well as festivals like Notting Hill Carnival, Chinese New Year parade etc

 

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Housing in London

  • In richer communities and suburbs, housing is modern apartments or large homes with gardens

  • In poorer communities in the inner city, housing density is higher and buildings are split between families

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Leisure in London

  • There are lots of leisure facilities like cinemas, pubs etc

  • London has some of the best shopping areas and restaurants in the whole of the UK

  • Large parks e.g. Hyde Park

  • Attractions like the London Eye

 

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Consumption in London

  • London consumes nearly 7 million tonnes of food a year, most of which is imported

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One initiative to make London more sustainable

  • A congestion charge was introduced to discourage people from driving into the city

  • Benefits:

    • Congestion charge has reduced traffic by 35%

    • Increased public transport usage

    • 12% more cycle journeys into the congestion zone

    • It reduced levels of nitrous oxides in the air

  • Downsides:

    • Pollution from diesel black cabs increased since they are exempt

    • It burdens drivers with lower incomes that have to drive into the city for their job (e.g. uber drivers)

    • Leads to overcrowding on tubes and buses

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Challenges of living in London (4)

  • Air pollution

  • Rise in violent crime

  • Inequality

  • Transport system

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How is air pollution a problem

  • 2 million Londoners live in areas of pollution above international pollution limits

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How is inequality a problem

  • The gap between rich and poor is very big

  • Avg income in Kensington and Chelsea is ÂŁ130,000 but in Newham it is ÂŁ35,000

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How is transport system a problem

  • Roads are frequently congested

  • Avg speed traffic in central London is only 8 mph

  • London Underground is often overcrowded

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How is rise in violent crime a probelm

9000 cases of knife crime in 2015 compared to 15,000 in 2023

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