Cholera and COVID-19 Overview

This set of flashcards covers important topics related to cholera and COVID-19, including symptoms, causative agents, transmission methods, and prevention measures.

Cholera

A disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

Symptoms of Cholera

Main symptoms include severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.

Scientific Name of Cholera

Vibrio cholerae.

Infectious Dose of Cholera

The infectious dose is high due to the need to survive the acidic environment of the stomach.

Transmission of Cholera

Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water and food.

Treatment and Prevention Measures for Cholera

Treatment includes rehydration therapy; prevention includes safe drinking water and sanitation.

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A specific type of bacteria (O157:H7) that causes severe foodborne illness.

Main Virulence Factor of E. coli

Shiga toxin, which interrupts protein synthesis in cells.

Symptoms of E. coli Infection

Symptoms include severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

A serious complication of E. coli infection that can lead to kidney failure.

Diagnosis methods for E. coli

Diagnosis methods include culture tests, PCR, and serotyping.

Annual Cases of E. coli Infection

There are an estimated 73,000 cases of E. coli infections annually in the U.S.

Prevention Measures for E. coli

Prevention includes proper food handling, cooking meat thoroughly, and washing hands.

COVID-19

A respiratory illness caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

Recent Deadly Versions of Coronavirus

Include SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2.

Animal Reservoirs for COVID-19

Bats are thought to be the primary reservoir for the coronavirus.

Characteristics of Bats as Reservoirs

Bats have a unique immune system allowing them to harbor many viruses without getting sick.

Main Vaccines for COVID-19

Main vaccines include mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) and viral vector vaccines (Johnson & Johnson).

Incorrect Statements about COVID-19 Vaccines

Common incorrect statements include that they alter DNA or cause infertility.

COVID-19 Deaths in the U.S.

Over 1 million people have died from COVID-19 in the United States since 2020.

infectious does of cholera

10^6 in water and d10^4 in food.

transmission of cholera

fecal oral route

prevention of cholera

drink clean water and decontaminated food

diagnosis of E. coli

Isolation of E.coli using Sorbitol MacConkey agar

reserve for E. coli

50% of feedlot cattle