Botany Fruit and Seed exam

Test on Friday May 9th

Globular Stage

Cells are arranged in a small sphere

Heart Stage

The 2 mounds that cause the heart shape are the first stage of the outgrowth of cotyledons

Torpedo Stage

Embryo root (radicle), cotyledon & hypocotyl are present

Mature Embryo

shoot apical meristem present and, in some species, some leaf primordia & a small stem are present

Cotyledons

in embryos of seed plants, the leaflike structures involved in either nutrient storage or nutrient transfer from the endosperm. Found in dicots such as beans & peanuts

Radicle

Primordial root

Epicotyl

Primordial stem

Hypocotyl

root/shoot junction

Exocarp

outer layer of the fruit

Mesocarp

middle layer of the fruit

Endocarp

inner layer of the fruit

Pericarp

the entire fruit wall, composed of exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp

True fruit

A fruit containing of only ovarian tissue

Accessory fruit

A fruit containing non-ovarian tissue

Simple fruit

A fruit derived from a single ovary of a single flower

Aggregate fruit

A fruit formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.

Multiple fruit

A fruit formed from the ovaries of multiple flowers that are closely clustered together

Dry fruit

Fruit typically not eaten by the natural seed distributing animals

Fleshy fruit

Fruit that are eaten during the natural seed distribution process

Dehiscent fruits

break open & release the seeds

Indehiscent fruits

do not break open and release the seeds

Berry

a fleshy fruit in which all three layers - endocarp, mesocarp, and exocarp - are soft (grape, tomato)

Pome

Similar to a berry except that the endocarp is papery and leathery (apple)

Drupe

Similar to a berry except that the endocarp is hard, sclerenchymatous (stone fruits: peach, cherry, plum, apricot)

Pepo

A fleshy fruit in which the exocarp is a tough, hard rind: the inner soft tissues may not be differentiated into two distinct layers (pumpkin, squash, canteloupe)

Hesperidium

Exocarp is leathery (citrus)

Caryopsis

Simple and small, containing only one seed, and the testa (seed coat) becomes fused to the fruit wall during maturation (grasses; wheat, corn, oats)

Achene

Like caryopsis but the seed and fruit remain distinct. Fruit wall is thin and papery (sunflowers)

Samara

A one-seeded fruit with winglike outgrowths of the ovary wall (maples, alder, ash)

Legume

Fruit breaks open along both sides (beans, peas)

Follicle

Fruit breaks open on only one side (columbine, milkweeds)

Aggregate

Carpels of flowers not fused, but grow together during fruit maturation (rasberry)

Multiple

all the fruits of an inflorescence grow together during fruit maturation (pineapple)