Midterm JJ

About what percentage of states classify status offenders as delinquents and what percentage distinguish status offenders from delinquents?

About half (50%)— About half of states (50%) classify status offenders as delinquents and the other half does not consider status offenders as delinquents

What are the UCR and NCVS? And what do they tell us about crime and race/ethnicity?

UCR is a summary measure of offenses based on official police reports and the NCVS is the largest victimization survey based on self reported data. African American males are arrested at higher rates UCR, but self reported data NCVS suggest fewer racial differences in crime rates.

What are two criticisms of the NCVS data?

respondent recall (memory) may be problematic; interpretation of questions; the head of household answers the questions and so they might not include victimizations of children in the home

Which of the following is NOT true?

1. Girls are less likely to get arrested but once formally adjudicated, they are more likely to get placed on formal probations compared to boys

2. African American boys are arrested at higher rates UCR but self reported data NCVS suggest fewer racial differences in crime rates

3. Both police officer age and juveniles disrespectful attitude are associated with juvenile arrests

4. Most juvenile crime takes place at night 11pm-1am

4 (during school time)

Which of the following is NOT true about the TED Talk about false confessions?

1. Youth particularly intellectually disabled youth are especially vulnerable to providing false confessions

2. False confessions are present in about 25% of wrongful convictions of people later exonerated by DNA evidence

3. She reads the names and showed pictures of 7 boys who together served 89 years for murders they did not commit but falsely confessed to as teenagers

4. Police are not allowed to lie to youth in interrogations in the US but they can use maximization and minimization techniques

4. Police CAN lie to juveniles

Criminal behavior is learned primarily within interpersonal groups. This is a definition of:

Learning theory

The guiding principles of diversion are based in which theory?

Labeling

According to classical criminologists, deterrence theory specifies that 3 characteristics of punishment are important for crime prevention. What are they and what do they mean?

-certainty, or assurance of getting caught and receiving a sanction

-severity of punishment: not too severe and not too lenient; just enough to deter

-celerity or swiftness of response to connect the sanction/punishment to the offense

Delinquency is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the legitimate means they can use to obtain those goals. This is a definition of which theory?

Strain theory

Sutherland made nine formal propositions that show that social interaction and learning lead to delinquency. What is the principle that describes how people are exposed to ideas or behaviors that are deviant at different levels and amounts?

differential association

Once arrested a youth is likely to be further detained if:

1. The juvenile is determined to be a threat to the community

2. The juvenile will be in danger if returned to the community

3. The juvenile is a flight risk

4. All of the above

5. Only A and B

4. All of the above

The report that contains background information on the juvenile, a description of the circumstances surrounding the juveniles delinquent acts as well as a disposition recommendation from the probation officer is called:

The predisposition report

Which of the following are protective factors?:

1. good coping skills

2. being female

3. being first born

4. having a high IQ

5. all of the above

6. A and B only

5. All of the above

The best predictors of juvenile victimization are:

1. being female; victim violated curfew,

2. coming from a broken home, being male; frequency of weed

3. delinquent behavior of the victims friends; victims own delinquent behavior, being female

4. delinquent behavior of victims friends; victims own behavior, being male, frequency of alcohol use

4. (delinquent behavior)

Identify at least two roles of the police in the juvenile justice system

arresting, processing delinquents and status offenders, protecting juveniles from victimization, preventing juvenile delinquency

This case established ground rules for determining whether a juvenile has knowingly and volutenarlily waived their rights

Fare v Micheal C

This case established that juveniles do not have the right to jury trial, reversing the trend toward increasing due process rights for juveniles

McKeiver v Pennyslivania

Who is allowed to search juveniles without a warrant/probable cause and what is the name of the case that decided this? How might this standard be changing?

School personnel; NJ v TLO, strip search of a juvenile is not longer allowed

explain the totality of circumstances test

A method used to determine the legality of a juveniles testimony, that is, whether it was freely, knowingly, and voluntarily given. Some factors are the surrounding of the interrogation, the age and other characteristics of the juvenile, juveniles experience, whether a parent or attorney was present, whether there was police interrogation, etc.

Identify at least two reforms mandated by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

deinstitutionalization of status offenders, address disproportionate minority confinement; sight and sound separation; jail and lockup removal

Who usually decides what charges to bring against the juvenile?

prosecutor

the most common disposition in juvenile court is

probation

what are the features of the traditional, rehabilitative philosophy of the juvenile court?

court hearings are nonadversial and inquisitorial; court hearing are confidential, court hearings are informal

what are two reasons to use diversion rather than detention? What are two critiques of diversion?

serves as an alternative to incarceration, which we know causes harm and usually increases recidivism (labeling), providing services, reduce juvenile justice system costs, better focus resources/net widening, offenders may have to admit guilt, minority offenders are less likely to get diversion

which court decision established that when juvenile is faced with a proceeding that could result in incarceration, the standard of proof is beyond reasonable doubt?

In re Winship

In re Gault decision

juvenile criminal defendants are entitled to Due Process protection under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

what is diversion

In criminal justice, diversion is an alternative to formal prosecution where a person accused of a crime is diverted into a treatment or care program, often with the condition that they complete certain requirements. Instead of facing charges and potentially incarceration

what is formal probation?

a way for one to avoid a jail term or prison term and remain living at home, continue working and hopefully, minimize the impact of a conviction.haw

what is informal probation?

informal probation, also known as summary probation, court probation, or unsupervised probation, is a form of probation where the probationer is supervised by the court rather than a probation officer. It's typically used for minor offenses or first-time offenders.