2: Theoretical Perspectives in Motor Development

Psychology, embryology, biology

motor development theories have roots in _

Developmental change

motor development theories provide a way to examine and explain _

Maturational, information processing, ecological

the 3 motor development theories are _

Dynamic systems, perception action

the 2 approaches to motor development are _

Maturational perspective

explains developmental change as a function of processes that control motor development

Biological clock

maturational perspective contends that motor development is driven by ____

predictable

Conclusion of Gesell twin experiment: development was ____

Environment and genetics are both important

conclusion of jimmy and johnny experiment

Automatically

in the maturational perspective, motor skills develop

Nervous system

most important system in maturational perspective

Normative descriptive period

age group norms based on the products of maturation

Biomechanical descriptive period

age group norms based on description of movement patterns of fundamental skills

Descriptive periods

classification of maturation based on descriptions of age-related changes in motor development

Information processing perspective

focus on behavioral or environmental causes of development in relation to how they are processed by the brain

Computer

in the information processing perspective the brain act like a _

Sensory and motor

the perceptual motor development combines skills

Ecological perspective

development perspective that stresses interrelationships between individual, environment, and task

Dynamic systems and perception action

the two branches of the ecological perspective

Dynamic systems approach

concerned with motor control and coordination, claims we can adapt to constraints

Perception-action approach

concerned with perception, what actions result from our interpretations of the world around us

Affordances

describes the function of an object in the environment provides to an individual

action

according to affordances, _ possibilities of the environment/task occur in relation to the perceiver’s capabilities

Unconsciously

affordances are perceived

Change

affordances _ as individuals change

Body scaling

process of changing the dimension of the environment or object in relation to the structural constraints of a performer

individual(structural) and task constraints

the type of constraints that are interacting with affordances and body scaling

Perceptual information

the ecological, maturational, and info processing perspectives are all based on input of __

Self organization

subconsciously choosing from different movement options based on the environment to find the most efficient way to move

Emerge

new movement patterns _ as the result of interaction between multiple systems

Efficiency

the body perceives movement options based on _

Rate limiter

an individual constraint or system that holds back or slows the emergence of a motor skill because it develops more slowly than the other systems

Perturbation

disturbance of motion, course, arrangement, or state; typically results in a new attraction state/phase shift

Attractor state/phase shift

a change in movement type based on a change in environment

Lest developed

the emergence of a certain skill is only advanced as the system

Critical point

behavior changes when one or more of an individual's systems has declined to a _

Hourglass, mountain, stodden

Models of motor development

Reflective, rudimentary, fundamental, specialized

Four phases of motor development

Reflexive movement stage

information encoding and decoding stage, conception to 1 year

Rudimentary movement stage

reflexive inhibition and precontrol stage; uncontrolled voluntary movements and integration of perceptual motor information

Fundamental movement phase

goal oriented movement, rhythmic coordination, then mechanical efficiency

Specialized movement stage

fundamental movement, cognitive sophistication, application of skills to lifetime movement

Information encoding, information decoding

Stages of the reflexive movement stage

Reflexive inhibition and pre-control stage

stages of rudimentary movement phase

Initial, emerging, proficient

stages of fundamental movement phase

Transitional, application, lifelong utilization

tages of specialized movement stage

Triangulated hourglass theory

life contributes to movement through the phases of development

Mountain of motor development

children are likely to be skillful in a few context-specific skills but not all

Compensation

adjustments in performance occur because of injury or loss of strength