Impact of Empire- ireland and scotland and emigration

Glorious revolution

- 1688

- King James II was replaced with William of Orange and Mary (james's daughter)

- Organized by parliament who wanted more control

ireland and england's relationship

- the english were keen to impose english laws and customs over Ireland.

- the majority of them were catholic which led to much anti-catholic and irish racism

why was james ii so popular with the irish?

- he was catholic himself

- he promised to give the irish parliament greater powers

- his act to grant religious freedom to all christians, including catholics, was very popular

example of an area which became a protestant plantation

Derry

rebuilt with high walls to protect the protestants from irish rebels

protestant plantations

Protestants who were loyal to the english crown being 'planted' in ireland, creating settlements, with the idea that they would control ireland.

Only English laws and customs were permitted in the settlements

when were the shipwreck years?

1689-91

what were the Shipwreck Years?

James ii + irish majority + french king louis vs William + english army

who is tyrconnell?

irish Lord Deputy- built up irish-catholic army

siege of derry

- 1689

- Jacobite army, led by Tyrconnell, seized back land from protestant plantation owners and took over Derry

- however it was not long before William's army broke the seige, freeing the protestant inhabitants

when was the battle of the boyne?

1690

battle of the boyne

- battle in ireland

- confused encounter- no clear winner

- James lost heart and fled ireland

- demoralised, the jacobites retreated from dublin and willium triumphed

- Despite this, the war continued for another year and a half

when was the battle of Aughrim?

1691

what happened at the battle of aughrim?

- final, decisive battle of the war

- even though 7000 men were killed on both sides, William was the clear winner

outcomes of the shipwreck years

- treaty of limerick

- flight of wild geese

treaty of limerick

- signed in 1691

- marked the end of the war

flight of wild geese

14,000 jacobite soldiers chose to leave for france, never to return, instead of returning to ireland to be governed by william

why was the flight of wild geese a strategic move by william?

by sending the most committed fighters to france, he removed the risk of continued fighting/rebellion in ireland

what was life like for the irish after 1691?

- all power rested with the government dublin castle, appointed by the government in london

- irish catholics lost all rights in the penal laws

penal laws

- 1691-1728

- harsh laws put in place over ireland to limit the power and wealth of catholics

- even though catholics fomed around 3/4 of the population, they owned only 14% of the land

give 3 examples of a penal law

1) not allowed to vote

2) not allowed to be in parliament

3) bishops and priests banished

the ascendancy

-wealthy irish-born protestants who formed an elite group known as the protestant ascendancy, centered around the angelican church, dublin castle (english parliament stationed in ireland), and english fashions

class divides between the protestant ascendancy and england

while the protestant ascendancy saw their relationship with england as equal (brother and sister), the government viewed the irish as a colononised people (parent and child).

in return for protection, london expected that irish protestants would accept second-class status

'parent' impositions on the 'child' of ireland

english woollen act

the declaratory act

english woolen act

1699

made it illegal for the Irish to export woollen cloth beyond the british isles

the declaratory act

ruled that british parliament had the right to make laws for ireland 'in all cases whatsoever'

main divisions between highland and lowland scots?

highlanders:

- native gaelic-speaking people with their own culture and traditions

- lived in clans in the northern mountains of scotland

- believed that their way of life was under threat

lowlanders:

- english-speaking

- dominated the scottish parliament in edinburgh

union of crowns arrangement

- made in 1603 when elizabeth i died without heirs

- meant that england and scotland became ruled under by 1 king, but retained their own parliaments

reasons for scots to support james in the glorious revolution

- he was a stuart, from the ancient scottish royal family

- he was still legally king according to scottish law

reasons for scots to support william in the glorious revolution

- he was protestant, like most scots

- he was ruling jointly with his wife mary who was james's daughter, and therefore also a stuart from the royal family

who did the scottish parliament end up supporting?

in 1689, the scottish parliament backed william in a 'claim of right' that blamed james for the troubles and say that no catholic could ever be king again

what happened as a result of this support?

battle of killiekrankie + dunkeld

battle of killiekrankie + dunkeld

- 1689

- jacobites rose up in anger against william's 'claim of right'

- although the jacobites won this battle, their rebellion collapsed in the battle of dunkeld, one month later

when was the glencoe massacre?

1692

what caused the glencoe massacre?

- after the battles of killiekrankie and dunkeld, william was determined to prevent a repeat of the rebellion

- in 1691, he announced that the clans who had supported james would be pardoned if they came to Fort William to swear their allegiance before 1 january 1692

what happened in the glencoe massacre?

- the chief of glencoe arrived in fort william just in time, but was told he would have to make another journey

- he arrived a day late, but nonetheless he was promised that his people, the mcdonalds, were safe. they were not.

- william's troops still killed the mcdonalds, having accepted their victims' hospitality beforehand

why did william kill the innocent glencoe clan?

william and his representatives wanted to make an example of one of the highland clans to inflict fear to prevent another rebellion

why was the glencoe massacre 'murder by trust'?

because williams troops who killed the mcdonalds had accpted their victim's hospitality before committing the crime

consequences of the glencoe massacre

- deepened the division between highlanders and both english and scottish governments

- strengthened the highlanders' attachment to james ii

why was scotland in such a dire economic position by the 1690s?

- dragged into foreign wars- meant that trade with much of europe was cut off

- english policies that restricted the scottish economy e.g. navigation act prevented scotland trading with england and it's colonies

darien scheme

1695-1700

cause of darien scheme

- edinburgh government searched desperately for ways to help the economy grow

- in 1695, a very respected banker: william paterson, suggested the formation of a scottish colony on a strip of land in panama (darien)

- the idea was that this settlement could control trade in this area

how did the darien scheme get funded?

- paterson helped set up the Bank of Scotland

- the scheme quickly caught the imagination of many: scottish nobles, ordinary scots, and european investors all backed the scheme

how much money did the scottish nobles invest in the darien scheme?

£400,000- nearly a quarter of Scotland's cash wealth

when did the first expedition to darien take place?

1698

why did the darien scheme fail?

1) mistakes by the settlers

2) undermining from england

3) conditions they faced

mistakes by the settlers

- poor supplies

- inappropriate farming skills

- lack of fresh water

- settlement in an area the Spanish regarded as part of their empire

- failed negotiations with the natives who already had experience fighting the spanish

why was william against the darien scheme?

because it got in the way of his negotiations with the spanish

and if william could undermine scotlands economy, they would be more inclined to union with england

why was the EIC against the darien scheme?

saw it as a threat to its profits

undermining from england

- william stopped all english ships and colonies from trading with the settlers.

- he also convined teh dutch investors to withdraw their backing

- pressure from the EIC and and the king got english investors- who had provided half the funds of the project- to pull out

conditions they faced

by march 1699, 200 people had died including Paterson's wife and child

due to hot, humid, swampy marshland with malnutrition and disease that spread rapidly

proof that darien was a disaster

the company's losses were over £20 million in today's money and much of it was the life savings of the individual people

examples of teh power struggle between england and scotland

england's Act of Settlement

scotland retalliated with the Act of Security

act of settlement

1701

established that the german hanoverians would eventually succeed to the english throne

act of security

1701

in retalliation to the act of settlement

asserted that they could decide independently who should be their next monarch

why did england want full union with scotland?

- end the threat of war with Scotland at a time when england was facing the possibility of a french invasion

- also wanted to end the risk of a Jacobite, such as the 'Old Pretender' taking the scottish throne

arguments for scotland agreeing to union with england

- high position in London parliament for scottish politicians

- greater security and protection from enemies

- free trade and improved economy

arguments against scotland agreeing to union with england

- loss of scottish identity and independance

- rule by foreigners

- increased taxation

even though there were mass protests against union in the streets, why was it voted for by parliament?

- england agreed to greater trade freedom and promised to write off the debt of the darien sheme

- many scottish politicians were bribed with money and a seat on the house of lords

- english troops moved northwards and the scots began to fear an invasion

when was the act of union agreed?

1707

terms of the act of union

scotland and england became one nation ruled by one monarch and one parliament in London, creating the kingdom of Great Britain.

what was the act of union's impact on scotland?

- regular protests against the union

- Lowlanders experienced a rise in living standards, Highlanders experienced greater poverty and eventually led to a destruction of their way of life.

- Malt Tax led to riots across scotland in 1725

jacobite rebellion 1700s

1715 Old Pretender

who was the 'old pretender'?

James's son, James Edward

1715 jacobite rebellion cause

after george of hanover became king without the scots being consulted

1715 jacobite rebellion- what happened?

the old pretender made a serious bid for king, backed by troops, highlanders and some lowland lords

he promised that the scottish parliament would be restored once he was king

1715 jacobite rebellion- what was the outcome?

after an inconclusive battle, the uprising failed and James Edward was forced to leave

why did many jacobites emigrate to the americas?

after the 1715 jacobite rebellion, many jacobites 'petitioned for transportation' to avoid execution

why did many convicts emigrate to the americas?

1718 Transportation Act- allowed the shipment of convicted criminals across the atlantic

- Partly to ease the overcrowded prisons and partly to get rid of any 'undesirable' groups

why did many indentured servants emigrate to the americas?

many emigrants chose to travel as indentured labourers who agreed to work unpaid as someone's property for 7 years until they were freed

hoping to build a better life after their period of indenture

many worked on the plantations with slaves

why did many adventurers emigrate to the americas?

looking for opportunities to travel and trade