US History since 1877: Native Americans, The Gilded Age, The Progressive Era, Imperialism, WWI

Abraham Lincoln - 1861-1865

Assassination → one of the last casualties of civil war
Everything he did was criticised by his cabinet, opposing party, etc
Never knew that he would go down in history as the greatest president
Had highs/lows similar to bipolar today, lots of tragedy surrounding him (domestic and war)

Andrew Johnson -
1865-1869

Johnson succeeded Lincoln, served as 17th
Democrat following a republican was very surprising
Didn't want to do too much about the freed slaves that were freed in the 13th amendment (13th amendment meant freedom)
Impeached in 1868 but was not convicted

US Grant - 1869-1877

Served two terms
Republican

Elizabeth Cady Stanton — 1815-1902
Susan B. Anthony — 1820-1906

Pushing for right to vote in the United States
Modern day women's group
Strong supporters of 15th Amendment but wanted it to include the word "sex" so that women could vote as well

Susan B. Anthony — 1820-1906

1872 - went to polling place in NY and arrested for voting, trial, lost the case, then went around the US questioning "is it a crime for US citizen to vote"
Since there was nothing in the constitution that specifically denied women the right to vote, she was informing people that it was unconstitutional and that it legally isn't a crime to vote
This kicked off the women's suffrage movement
Wasn't until 1920 that women could vote

14th Amendment

Defined citizenship as anyone who was born in the US, which was significant for formerly enslaved ppl since they were granted citizenship and couldn't be considered property and would be provided equal protection of laws

15th Amendment

Ratified 1870
Stated no citizen can be deprived of the right to vote
Black men gained the right to vote but only males, females still couldn't vote

Compromise of 1877

Context: Stemming from the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) — Tilden won the popular vote, but 20 electoral votes in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon were contested.
Crisis: Led to a constitutional stalemate with accusations of fraud and conflicting returns.
Resolution: Congress created an Electoral Commission (15 members—8 Republicans, 7 Democrats), which voted 8-7 along party lines to award the presidency to Hayes.
The Deal: To avoid a Democratic filibuster, leaders made a backroom agreement — Democrats accepted Hayes as president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
Result: This ended Reconstruction, allowed Democratic "Redeemers" to regain control, and led to the abandonment of Black civil rights, paving the way for Jim Crow segregation and Black disenfranchisement

Rutherford B. Hayes -
1877-1881

Won election of 1876 after compromise of 1877

Andrew Carnegie -
1865-1869

Tremendous growth of American industries
Carnegie was in charge of the steel industry during this time
Made a huge fortune out of this
There was a huge income gap between him and his workers b/c of how much he was making and b/c he was not paying income taxes

John D. Rockefeller - 1839-1937

Before civil war, bought oil wells in PA and developed monopoly on the oil industry
By 1890s, it skyrocketed and he had a tremendous monopoly on oil and petroleum products

J. P. Morgan - 1837-1913

Becomes one of the the major financiers of this era
Buys Carnegie's steel monopoly after he retires and turns it into US Steel

Resistance on the Great Planes

Many confederate veterans after US war moved west
Anybody who settled there and improved the acres of land bought would get it virtually for free
so lots of people moved West, tremendous amounts of whites moving into great planes area hoping to become successful farmers
But this crashed with Indigenous people who were settled there
"We don't own the land, the land owns us" "Nature is to be respected, not conquered and exploited" Common thought process among Indigenous peoples at this time
White people put up fences, Indigenous people ignored them, caused conflict
Indigenous people horrified by white ppl slaughtering buffalos and only using hyde or even for not any purpose and leaving their carcasses to rot, completely opposite to indigenous idea of using buffalos for everything (bones are tools, meat is food, hydes are for teepees, etc)

Sitting Bull - 1831-1890

Successful in getting various tribes together in a united front to resist white approachment on their land
By 1876, they banned together and were attacking railroads/wagon trains, going into white farms and attacking ppl
White army was sent to "tame" the indigenous people and protect the white ppl

George Armstrong Custer - 1839-1876

Civil war general
Believed he was a legend, had a tremendous reputation as a killer of indigenous ppl
He and his army would find an indian village and while the men were out, he would charge in and slaughter the fleeing women and children
Wanted to find Sitting Bull and kill him

The Little Big Horn, June 1876

Sent more American troops since Custer's troops kept getting killed
Custer and his men were killed
Despite being a major victory for the Native Americans, the battle ultimately led to intensified U.S. military campaigns and the forced confinement of the Lakota and Cheyenne to reservations
Beginning of final surge of plains war and complete subjugation of the indigenous tribes

Chief Joseph 1840-1904
And the Nez Perce (his tribe)

In 1877 - American soldiers wanted these tribes needed to leave their homeland and live on reservations
Joseph said no, that these were their homes and that Mother Earth gives them the right to live on the land, they shouldn't have to fight for the land, that's why he refused
Started to leave Wallowa Valley and lead his tribe (Nez Perce) on a trek from Oregon - Ohio - Wyoming - Montana : to escape american soldiers and find rescue to Canada
ended up surrounded and captured just 40 miles from the Canadian border
Chief Joseph served as the political leader and spokesperson for his people during the Nez Perce War.
Their story became a rallying cry for Indigenous rights, drawing national attention to the plight of Native Americans and ultimately influencing reform movements and legislation concerning Indigenous welfare

End to Nez Perce / Chief Joseph

Nez Perce experienced gorilla warfare, Indians would set up ambush and kill American soldiers and then immediately retreat on their journey
Eventually surrendered and got put on a reservation in unsanitary conditions to the point where half the tribe died in the first couple of months
Joseph was so distraught about this that he persuaded them to go to Washington and plead to the president for him and his tribe be sent back to oregon
Denied this plea and went back to Oklahoma (where all the indigenous reservations were), eventually died

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

It was an attempt to try to do good to the indigenous ppl
Many states divided into equal parts of land for indians
Chunk of land, about 60 acres, and have land ownership
Not interested in that, wanted to be nomadic and have free reign over land
Whites began moving into these reservations, land wound up looking to be taken, not given like the dawes act had originally tried to do

Aftermath of dawes act 1887

They wanted the indigenous ppl to assimilate, to educate the children
They did this by taking the children and putting them in Indian schools on the east coast
Hair was cut, put in white men clothing, taught english and arithmatic, forbidden to speak their own languages
The problem was that whites never accepted them, they were still seen as Indian and ostracized
When they would get back to their villages, they were cast out there too for not being as Indian as the other children
The view of the indigenous tribes then was that "first, they stole our land, then they stole our children"

Wounded Knee Encampment

1890- American gov decided to get the rest of those small bands of indigenous tribes on the reservations out since there were some left over that hadn't been round up
Wounded knee encampment: They rounded Wakota tribe up and escorted them on 3 day journey to reservation in Dakota (mostly women and children)
Stopped for night to set up camp
soldiers around the perimeter opened fire after one person kept their weapon after being asked for it to be taken and it ended up being a bloodbath

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote significant essay on the frontier of American history
This is 1890, after Wounded Knee when Indians were really no longer a factor
Wrote a thesis that's been highly debated for years
He proposed that the movement westward was not just a physical expansion but a defining factor in shaping American democracy and culture
Spread the view that this was American democracy/exceptionalism instead of imperalism/exploitation/genocide

Homer Plessy

⅛ black
Purchased train ticket in Louisiana for first class
Was told to go to the train car reserved for african americans
Refused to give up seat, kicked off
Took to court and lost, appeals to Louisiana Supreme Court and lost, brings it to US Supreme Court
Plessy vs Ferguson, ruled Plessy is not being denied civil rights as long as train is providing separate but equal accomodations
significant bc set a precedent that legitimized state-sponsored segregation in public facilities, schools, and transportation.
The ruling entrenched Jim Crow laws across the South for decades.

Plessy v Ferguson

Plessy vs Ferguson, ruled Plessy is not being denied civil rights as long as train is providing separate but equal accomodations
Allows for more discrimination since they can say that it's still equal, legitamizes/validates Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs Ferguson overturned during Brown vs Board of Education (1954) (58 years after Plessy vs Ferguson)

Booker T. Washington (1956-1915)

Early spokesman for civil rights
Went around country giving speeches, urging african americans to not be too concerned about civil rights, to just work hard and become important contributors to economy
Urged ppl to get higher education at places like his Alabama institute in order to become more successful at sharecropping and other careers
Believed if African Americans contribute to national economy, they will automatically be given civil rights
focus on industrial and agricultural education and success, remaining seperate from whites but cooperating economically to gradually progress

W.E.B DuBois (1868-1963)

Vehemently opposed Washington's belief/accomodations
Believed african americans needed to get higher levels of education and deeper understandings of culture so they could demand full equality right then
Promoted idea of educating top 10% of african american community in liberal arts field to become leaders who could guide rest of community
Questioned that if Washington is right, why were lynchings on the rise

Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931)

Reporter in Tennessee
Began writing articles condemning and describing lynchings and urging fed. gov. to make lynching a federal crime
B/c if murder/lynchings are at a local level, no white men in the south will be convicted
Was attacked, threatened, ppl broke her printing press
Went to NY and continued to put pressure on the fed. gov.
Wrote pamphlets/books describing excruciating detail of lynching to make ppl upset to put pressure on lawmakers
1900-2022, several hundred anti-lynching laws have tried to be passed
It was only in Feb of 2022 that lynching became a federal crime - Emett Till Anti-lynching bills

James A. Garfield (1881), Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1885)

James A. Garfield (1881)
Election of 1880, elected president
Only president for a few months until assassinated
Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1885)
VP of Garfield
Became president after Garfield Died

Grover Cleveland
(1885-1889) (1893-1897)

Only President besides Trump that ran, lost, and ran again and won

The Agrarian Revolt

(An agrarian revolt is a mass uprising by rural, peasant, or farmer populations against perceived economic exploitation, political injustices, or social injustices by landlords, governments, or other powerful groups)
East had ppl organizing unions but in West, working class upheaval only began after droughts killed crops and had to go to banks to borrow money and could never get out of loan hole, farms were then foreclosed and sold
So small farmers banded together into small groups to push gov. to do regulations on exploitation

Mary Elizabeth Lease

Leading person in Farmer's Alliance
Urged farmers to raise less corn and more hell

Gold Standard

A gold standard limits the amount of currency a government can print, tying it directly to the supply of gold. When an economy grows faster than its gold reserves, this tight money supply can cause deflation, or falling prices.
During periods of deflation, businesses are often forced to cut wages to keep costs down. Laborers experienced their nominal wages falling, even though their purchasing power might have remained stable or even increased. However, workers fiercely resisted these wage cuts, leading to strikes and confrontations with employers.
Led to working class major revolt against labor
Republican party wanted to maintain gold standard, which results in a tight economy and higher interest rates
Democratic party wanted more money to be available and lower interest rates by adding silver

William McKinley (1897-1901)

Won in 1886 election
Gold standard still there, economy stayed as it was, not much change

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
Social Darwinism
"Survival of the fittest"

Philosophy that built on Darwin's theory of evolution and
Just as in nature, there's a struggle for survival and only the fittest survive
In society, those that are fit rise to the top and those that are less fit drop to the bottom
It's important the gov doesn't do anything to regulate economy/business since that's interfering with nature's survival of the fittest (laissez-fare economics)
used to justify social hierarchies and wealth disparities, justified racism and promoted eugenics

William Graham Sumner (1840-1910)

Said millionaires are a product of natural selection and that they deserve to be on the top
And that those who work underneath them should be there since they're not as fit
We want to make things better for the higher up and let the impoverished die out to make us more fit overall
For ex. It wouldn't make sense to tax the rich, it would only make sense to tax the poor, or it would only make sense to educate the rich and not the poor
Used to justify imperialism, segregation, "purity" of Aryan race
Philosophical foundation for the holocaust as well

Lester Frank Ward (1841-1913)
"The fitting of as many as possible to survive"

Resistance to the survival of the fittest/natural selection theory
Said b/c humans have a mind and are intelligent, we can direct the course of evolution and instead of survival of the fittest, it should be fitting as many as possible in order to survive
Create laws like workers compensation, etc to level the playing field so those that are lower can rise up
Nothing scientific about it though

Great Railway Strike (1877)

Efforts to try to get better compensation/working conditions, put together unions and strikes
The PA railway issued a memorandum that everybody's wages would be cut by 10%
This enraged the railway workers and they went on a huge strike, not just in PA but also Maryland
Created property damage to the railroad, people were brutalized and killed
Eventually, strike ended and workers lost, they would have to accept the 10% cut in order to keep working
highlighted national need for labor unions, it was the nation's first mass strike, demonstrating the power of collective action and fueling the growth of organized labor

Terrance Powderly (1849-1924) (KOL)

Founded Knights of Labor (KOL)
Arguing for 10hr working day, then 8hr day

The Haymarket Affair, Chicago 1886

Knights of Labor called for a general strike on May 1st around the country so everyone would see how crucial workers are to moving society along

Police fired on the strikers

Radical anarchist group in Chicago called for a rally in Haymarket square to protest the police brutality against the workers and support the strike the Knights of Labor had called for

Haymarket anarchists at Haymarket Affair

While one of the anarchists was speaking:
Police went to break up the demonstrators.
Someone threw a bomb and police opened fire killing a number of protestors.
The police then went on a mission through Chicago, arresting anyone who had radical, pro-labor history.
5 anarchists were put on trial, convicted of murder, and condemned to be executed
Arrested/killed b/c of political beliefs, not b/c of actions
Considered heroes/martyrs for the cause

Labor movement in relation to Haymarket Affair/Haymarket Anarchists

Americans then correlated anarchism with the labor movement and b/c anarchism was seen as unamerican, people associated the labor movement with being unamerican, discrediting the group and setting the labor movement back

Homestead Strike (1892)

Decided to go on strike for 3 goals

Wanted to be recognized by the company to negotiate ab wages, etc

Wanted 10% increase in wages

Wanted safer working conditions

Carnegie wanted to do everything to stop the strike, killing dozens of people

At end of strike, it was defeated and all of the workers that went on strike lost their jobs

Irony of carnegie being a philanthropist

Irony of Carnegie being a philanthropist → 1896 - Carnegie built library for his workers (costing 4mil to build) using the money that wasn't used to increase wages, considered stolen from his workers pockets

Pullman Strike 1894

Trains were main method of crossing the country, pullman cars were the sleeper cars
Pullman's company - workers went on strike
The leader of the American Railroad Workers Union that led the strike was Eugene V. Debs
Strike was defeated and Debs was put on trial b/c people claimed he was a socialist,

Eugene V Debs in relation to Pullman Strike

The leader of the American Railroad Workers Union that led the strike was Eugene V. Debs
Strike was defeated and Debs was put on trial b/c people claimed he was a socialist, convicted and spent 6 months in prison
Decided to read up on socialism and actually became a socialist, formed American Socialist Party and in 1900-1920 ran for president 5 times

Alfred Thayer Mahan (1940-1914)

Wrote a book called The Influence of Sea Power on World History that had 3 goals

Build a powerful modern navy

Acquire fueling stations

Construct a canal through isthmus of Panama

Said all great civilizations in history were great b/c they controlled the seas, whoever maintained supremacy on the oceans would have a powerful impact on the world

During the time he was writing, the dominant sea power was Britain

Alfred Thayer Mahan effect on congress/navy

B/c we're surrounded by different oceans, we should have a large navy to control everything
Needed fueling station for navy and a canal
Resonated with politicians, big business, and the navy
During 1990s, Congress
passed a bill to build this giant navy
tried to get rights to the Panama Canal
Started conquering harbors like Pearl Harbor for fueling

Queen Liliuokalani

Missionaries moved in with business interest : plantations, pineapple
Came w diseases, large part of polynesian population died off
Queen was last polynesian leader of islands
Annexed by US by 1860

Theodore Roosevelt

City slicker, tried to portray himself as an American cowboy
Becomes police commissioner
Campaigns for McKinley - McKinley appoints him as assistant secretary of navy
Roosevelt tells fleet to go to spanish colony of philippines and attack spanish navy during the day
Essentially insubordination
B/c he ordered this, though, he becomes a hero

How Theodore Roosevelt went from assistant secretary of navy to president

Resigns as secretary of navy, forms Rough Riders, sets sail for Cuba
War lasted from april to august, very short, most ppl died of diseases, not battle
Roosevelt emerges as a hero → Cuba gets their independence, and Spain gives US: Puerto Rico, Guam, a base on Cuba (Guantanamo Bay), Philippines Islands
Republican party saw opportunity to nominate him for Gov. of NY
Starts to clean up corruption
Many of the people that elected him began to be indicted for corruption
Those same ppl nominate him for VP, he didn't want it b/c VP had essentially no power and he was Gov. of NY
When McKinley wins, he becomes VP and has to reign as Gov. of NY
When McKinley is assassinated, Roosevelt becomes President
Pushes for progressive reform (so there wouldn't be a worker revolution) , hands-on president, but also imperialist and wants Panama canal
Panama gets independence and is paid for Panama canal

Carl Schurz (1829-1906)

Breaks with republican party and condemned McKinley and Roosevelt for imposing on Philippine independence

The Progressive Movement
(Combatting Social Darwinism
Offset wealth from social darwinism)

Anti Monopoly - the fear of concentrated power in the hands of the few
Concern for the victims of industrialization
Deep faith in knowledge and science - reform Darwinism
Belief that the modernized government must play an important role in improving and stabilizing society
Fund more education projects, etc.
Settlement House Movement
Many immigrants coming into country, female immigrants exploited and abused, this house provided a home and education for those women so they could get a job and get around in the US
Muckrakers
Expose corruption
Social Gospel Movement
Beginning of using religious ideals to make the US a better place

Mother Jones (1830-1930)
March of the Mill Children 1903

Beginnings of socialist movement
Mother Jones
husband/five children died from yellow fever
Got involved in socialist movement, fighting for equality, working class, against child labor, etc
Led march of child workers from Philadelphia to Long Island
Involved in beginnings of socialist party, feminism
Focused on exploitation of children, raised awareness and promoted regulation of child labor

Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives

photographed child labor to raise awareness to exploitation of children

Triangle Fire, 1911

No minimum wage laws at this time
Working 12hr a day, barely any pay
Workers were trying to unionize during this time
Fire broke out
Government became involved w/ workspace safety

S.S McClure
Ida M. Tarbell
Upton Sinclair

Muckrakers
Lincoln Steffens (concentrated on political corruption in NYC)
William Allen White
Ray Stannard Baker
Ida M. Tarbell did investigation into standard oil and its exploitive actions, a major monopoly
Upton Sinclair
One of most famous muckrakers
Wrote books on how big business exploits ppl for profit
Radical socialis

Baptist minister
Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918)

Had Church in NY, opened up first soup kitchens in lower east side
Concerned with plight of impoverished people
Founder of Social Gospel Movement, advocated for Salvation Army

Radicals
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
Big Bill hAywood
The Wobblies
(founding members of IWW)

Working to make changes in society by calling people's attention to working conditions, child labor, passing laws, opening soup kitchens, etc
Lot more radicalism evolving during this time
Formed Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Socialist union
Idea was that workers over the world are in the same plight and they need to unite in one big union and realize their enemy is the capitalist system
Remedy was that we need to have a socialist system instead of a capitalist system
Notable members include Lucy Parsons, Eugene V. Debs, Helen Keller, Dorothy Day, Thomas Hagerty, Eugene O'Neill, Mother Jones
Joe Hill was one of the most notable members,

Joe Hill (1879-1915)

Went to factories/shipyards/mines to recruit for the union (IWW)
Sang hymns, folksongs, w radical lyrics
IWW produced little song book full of Joe Hill and others songs w radical lyrics

1914 Shooting
was arrested and convicted for the murders of a grocer and his son in Salt Lake City, despite controversial and circumstantial evidence, including being treated for a gunshot wound on the same night of the crime
Workers around the world protested, holding vigils for hill, believed the shooting was b/c of his radical ideas
Night of execution there were 30,000 rallying and holding vigil
Before execution, he gave last message on note, saying "dont waste time mourning, organize"

Emma Goldman (1869-1940)

Believed marriage was an economic arrangement, an insurance pact
Believed women give up their privacy, self-respect, their whole life in marriage
Believed marriage makes women parasites, useless, dependent for life
Believed the State and Church uphold this ideal bc it's the only thing that provides control of men and women
Argues for free love

The Great War
Triple Alliance/Triple Entente

1815-1914, small wars, relative peace in Europe
Attempt to make another balance of power through alliance w/ other countries
Triple alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy formed alliance
Triple entente: Great Britain, France, Russia
Crown prince of Austria/Hungary (Franz Ferdinand)
Visiting Serbia on state visit → Serbian nationalists assassinated him and his wife
Austria sends expedition of austria troops into serbia to punish them for the assassination
Serbia had treaty with Russia so Russia came to their aid by mobilizing forces
Bc everyone was allies, wars started everywhere, one after another
WW1 starts
B/c of the industrial revolution, innovations of weapons/artillery were being advanced so it was immediately a blood bath (tank was invented)

The Lusitania, May 1915

Weaponry and American travelers to set sail on the British-registered ship Lusitania
Warned anybody taking the ship that they would be entering war territory
German boat sank it w 2 explosions of torpedos, went down in 20 minutes
Germans claimed they did it bc there was weaponry on it
Started a war cry that Americans needed to help/get involved with the war
Weakened American neutrality in the war

Anti-German Propaganda in Britain

English propaganda was intended to convince Americans to come to their aid in the war, another way of weakening American neutrality

Anti-German Propaganda in US

B/c of british propaganda, US had to drum up american support for the war
Realized ⅓ of American population are of german extraction, another ⅓ of American population are of irish extraction, so no one would want to fight the Germans
Clear anti-german sentiment in US: book burnings of German books, no American libraries had german books, even had lynchings of German Americans

Senator Robert M. La Folette (1855-1925)

Republican senator
Anti-war sentiment
Gave speech at congress protesting the war

Eugene V. Debs
(1855-1926)

Gives socialist argument for war,
It's the elites taking us into war and it's the working class that gets killed during war
Attacking attempts to limit free speech,
Arguing its the ppl in favor war painting anyone whos against the war as unpatriotic
Arrested and put on trial for treason b/c of speech, sentenced to 20yrs in prison,
Spent 1918-1921 in prison, conducted presidential campaign from prison

Randolph Bourne (1886-1918)

Against war and attempts to criticize government
Deformities at birth, intellectual giant
Died in flu pandemic
War unites people, strengthens the idea of a state/nation/union
People at war become obedient, respectful, trustful, putting their comfort and trust into State

Suffragists at the White House

Aftermath of war → revolution in Russia, making Americans more paranoid about radacilism/socialism
Red scare → Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer put out a manhunt for any possible communists, even if they just have radical ideas
He wanted to become Wilson's heir so he was trying to make a name for himself through the Red Scare hunt

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
Ex. of anti-communist/leftist/radicalist ideologies at tis time

One of the trials of the century
Victims of early red scare, Italian immigrants who came just before WW1
Radicals, anarchists, didn't speak much english
Holdup at a warehouse the day a payroll was being paid in cash, one of the handlers were killed, two men escaped in car
Sacco and vanzetti arrested w/o proof, just b/c they were leftists/radicalists/italian immigrants
Convicted and sentenced to death
Led to 7 yrs of protests, appeals, convicted soley bc of political beliefs
On death row, executed in electric chair
People were protesting around the war, saying they were illegally executing people

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)

He looked presidential, not many other qualifications
Elected president
A lot of members of his administration were corrupt
Attorney general got kickbacks from big business from selling oil to them
After WW1
President for 2 yrs before he died

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)v

Took over in 1923 after Harding died
Then ran for the next presidential election and won
The business of America is business
Never said much, never did much

Modernism vs Traditionalism

New philosophies
Booming economy
Model T - major effect on economy/manufacturing
assembly line technique increased production and lowered prices → almost anyone could afford it → growth of automobile industry → steel, rubber, oil, all experienced growth → tourism increases → fast food/motels → growth of suburbs → schools
The new woman - had right to vote
Changed gender barriers, flapper movement, sexual liberation
The lost generation
Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey
Fundamentalism
Prohibition
Nativism
Xenophobia
The KKK
WW1 w/ amount of killing, made Freud principal popular
Ideas of Freud, Marx, Darwin all challenged traditional values and were very popular at this time (atheistic ideologies)
Rise of existentialism, frightening to a lot of conservatives
Science was being challenged with Einstein's theory of relativity

Margaret Sanger (1879-1966)

Opened clinics → mother of planned parenthood
Advocated for womens reproductive rights, birth control
Women started getting medical degrees

The Jazz Age

Prohibition, didn't limit alcohol consumption
In effort to reduce crime, prohibition fueled/organized crime