1st Semester Exam - Units 1-6

Anatomy

The study of structure

Physiology

The study of function

Homeostasis

The existence of a stable internal environment

Homeostasis regulation

Automatic adjustments in the physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

Cell

Variety of specialized cells, each doing their job

Tissue

Cells that make up the four basic tissue types

Organ

Collections of tissues doing a specific function

Organ system

Organs working together for common function

Organism

The whole body

Endocrine system

Includes the thyroid and pituitary gland

Nervous system

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Integumentary system

Functions to protect tissues and regulate temperature

Skeletal system

Includes the ligaments and bones

Muscular system

Functions in movement and posture

Urinary system

Includes the bladder and kidneys

Circulatory system

Includes the heart and blood

Digestive system

Includes the stomach and esophagus

Reproductive system

Includes the ovaries in females and the testes in males

Homeostasis

The ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite changes in the external environment

Modes of homeostatic regulation

Positive and negative feedback

Negative feedback

Response negates the stimulus

Positive feedback

Response reinforces the stimulus

Histology

The study of tissues

Epithelial tissue

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, produces secretions

Connective tissue

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy

Muscle tissue

Contracts to produce active movement

Neural tissue

Conducts electric impulses, carries information

Functions of epithelial tissue

Protection, absorption, secretion, diffusion

Epithelial cell shapes

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Squamous

Flattened or squashed

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped

Columnar

Column-like

Unifying features of connective tissue

Specialized cells, protein fibers, ground substance

Types of connective tissue

Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

Functions of connective tissue

Support and protection, transport of materials, storage of energy reserves, defense of the body

Integumentary system compontents

Cutaneous membrane, subcutaneous layer

Make-up of the cutaneous membrane

Epidermis, dermis, accessory structures

Main functions of the integument

Protection, temperature maintenance, synthesis, storage of nutrients, sensory reception, excretion and secretion

Epithelium

Part of the cutaneous membrane; stratified squamous epithelium

Stratum germinativum

Bottom-most layer of the epidermis; made up of stem cells and melanocytes

Melanin

Made by melanocytes; provides UV protection; gives brown-black color

Stratum spinosum

Spiny layer of the epidermis

Stratum granulosum

Grainy layer of the epidermis

Stratum lucidum

Clear layer of the epidermis; only in thick skin

Stratum corneum

Most superficial layer of the epidermis; made up of flattened (squamous) cells; abundant with keratin

Cerotene

Contributes orange-yellow color; provided from diet

Hemoglobin

Blood pigment; gives skin pink-ish tones

Beneficial effect of UV radiation

Activates synthesis of vitamin D3

Harmful effects of UV radiation

Sunburn, wrinkles, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma

Accessory structures of the integument

Hair, nails

Hair

Protects from UV, insulates, cushions from light trauma

Nails

Protection, fine manipulation

Layers of the dermis

Papillary, reticular

Papillary layer

Under epidermis; named for dermal papillae which give rise to fingerprints; loose connective tissue

Reticular layer

Tough, dense, fibrous layer of dermis; blends into papillary layer

Sebaceous glands

Secrete oily substance called sebum

Apocrine glands

Secretes odorous sweat; absent before puberty

Merocrine glands

Secretes watery sweat; helps regulate temperature

Four stages of skin healing

1. Inflammation

2. Scab formation

3. Cell division and migration

4. Scar formation