Renal Pulm Final Study Guide

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What is the average kidney size?

dimensions: 3x6x12 cm,

weight: 5-6oz

What are the protective tissue layers of the kidney? In order, from deep to superficial.

1. renal/fibrous capsule,

2. perirenal fat pad,

3. renal fascia

What is the outer region of the kidney referred to as? What about the inner region?

renal cortex, renal medulla

What structures are found within the cortical region of the kidney (renal cortex)?

cortical nephrons, functional parts of the kidney, renal columns (project into the medulla)

What structures are found within the medullary region of the kidney?

collecting ducts (in the renal pyramids),

medullary nephrons

What structures are found within the pyramids of the kidney?

collecting ducts

What is the pathway of urine, from the internal portion of the kidney all the way down to the bladder and out to the external environment?

renal pyramids,

minor calyx,

major calyx,

renal pelvis,

ureter,

bladder,

urethra,

What sets the glomerulus apart from other structures of the body?

it is both supplied and drained by an artiole

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane of the glomerulus?

1. fenestrated endothelium

2. basement membrane

3. visceral membrane

What is the purpose of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerulus?

to prevent blood from passing through

What is the purpose of the basement membrane of the glomerulus?

to prevent large proteins from passing through

What is the visceral membrane of the glomerulus made out of?

podocytes

Where do you find podocytes?

in the visceral membrane of the glomerulus

What is the purpose of podocytes?

to prevent small proteins from getting through (but allow filtrate to pass)

What is GFR?

the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute, equivalent to 120-125 ml/minute

What is normal GFR?

125-138 ml/min, which is about 180-200 L/day;

less than 10-15 ml/min requires immediate medical attention

What is the macula densa and what does it do?

chemoreceptor in the distal tubule that senses sodium levels in the filtrate/urine and increases GFR in response

Which part of the renal tubules allows for the highest amount of water reabsorption?

proximal convoluted tubule (water follows sodium)

What secretes renin?

juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney

What does renin do?

converts angiotensinogen toangiotensin-1

What are juxtaglomerular cells and why are they important?

mechanoreceptors that secrete renin in response to pressure (sense pressure)

Summarized comparison of macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus:

macula densa: chemoreceptor, senses sodium, increase GFR

juxtaglomerular: mechanoreceptor, senses pressure, secrete renin

Where is ANP produced, released from, and what is its function?

the heart;

cardiac muscle cells of the right atrium of the heart;

to reduce blood sodium (and thus decrease blood pressure, blood volume, and increase urine production)

Where is ADH produced, released from, and what is its function?

hypothalamus;

posterior pituitary gland;

to reabsorb sodium and water (water follows sodium)

What is the trigone region?

the area where two ureters enter and one urethra leaves

What are renal calculi?

kidney stones

What is the composition of renal calculi?

magnesium, calcium, and uric acid/salts

What is the condition that causes fluid buildup in sacs in the kidney? What causes this?

polycystic kidney;

caused by abnormal formation of the collecting ducts (congenital)

What is the condition that is normally seen with up/down motion causing a loosening of the kidney?

nephroptosis (aka drooping kidney)

What is the condition where a kidney crosses midline and fuses to the other, forming "one single kidney"?

horseshoe kidney (congenital)

Which carcinoma accounts for about 90% of all malignant tumors?

renal cell carcinoma

Which carcinoma occurs most commonly in transitional epithelium?

epithelial cell neoplasm of the bladder

What are the symptoms of epithelial cell neoplasm?

hematuria, dysuria, and urgency

Which cancer of the bladder easily spread to the prostate due to its close proximity?

epithelial cell neoplasm of the bladder

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?

posterior pituitary tumor

What is the term associated with prolaspe of the urinary bladder?

cystocele

What demographic is cystocele commonly seen in?

women (especially post hysterectomy)

What is nocturnal enuresis?

bed wetting

What is pyelonephritis?

inflammation of the entire kidney

What is glomerulonephritis?

inflammation of the glomerulus

What is pyelitis?

inflammation of the renal pelvis

What is cystitis?

inflammation of the bladder

What is urethritis?

inflammation of the urethra