theory, models and for

Description of a set of phenomena that explain how they relate to each other

Theory

What are the within theories

Sensorimotor theory & sensory integration, ACL’s, PEO, & KAWA

What are the outside theories

Developmental, CMOP, Psychodynamic, cognitive & behavior

It explains how children develop the ability to think, understand and solve problems as they grow

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development (sensorimotor)

What are the 4 stages and the age of each range

sensorimotor, preoperational operation, concrete operational, and formal operational

age range:

0-2

2-7

7-11

11-older

This stage & age coordinates of sense with motor responses, sensory curiosity about the world. More on doing and sensing

Object permanence is developed

sensorimotor 0-2

This stage & age is the imagination and intuition are strong but complex abstract thoughts are still difficult.

Preoperational 2-7

This stage & age can think logical w/ real object

concrete operational 7-11

This stage & age can think theoretical, hypothetical and counterfactual thinking. Abstract logic and reason is present also

Formal operational & 11-older

Includes both category of knowledge and the process of obtaining that knowledge

Schemas

Taking new info into our already existing schemas

Assimilation

Ability to change existing schema in light of new information

Accommodation

Maintaining a balance between applying previous knowledge and changing behavior to account for new knowledge

Equilibration

Who develop the spiritual theory that focuses on personality and self discovering

carl gustav jung

Who develop the psychosocial development theory that focuses on psychosocial development from birth to old age

Erik Homburger Erikson

Who develop the four ages theory that focuses for life stages based on social roles

Peter Laslett

Explain the spiritual development by Carl Gustav Jung

Birth to puberty: blissful ignorance, inherited predisposition

Puberty to 35years old: Conscious and doubting, taking on responsibility

35yrs old to old age: Change in direction to express latent part of self-individuation

Infirmity and death: Acceptance of death and afterlife

Explain the psychosocial development by Erik Homburger Erikson

Birth to infancy: trust vs mistrust

2 to 4: autonomy vs shame and doubt

5 to 7: initiative vs guilt

8 to 12: industry vs inferiority

13 to 22: identity vs role confusion

23 to 35: intimacy vs isolation

35 to 50: generativity vs stagnation

50 to death: Integrity vs despair

Explain the four ages by Peter Laslett

first: childhood, little responsibility

second: maturity, earning a living

third: retirement, enjoying life for its own sake

fourth: dependency, preparing for death

This explains how the brain receives, organizes and responds to information from the senses to people can move, learn, behave, & participate in daily activities effectively

sensory integration theory

Explain the pyramid of learning by Dr. A. jean. ayres

sensory system- olfactory, visual, auditory, gustatory, proprioception, tactile, vestibular, & interoception

sensory motor development- body scheme, reflex maturation, ability to screen input, postural security, awareness of 2 sides of body, & motor planning

perceptual motor development- auditory language skills, visual spatial perception, attention center functions, eyehand coordination, occular motor control & postural adjustment

cognitive intellect- academic learning, ACL’s & behavior

It is the theory that our behavior is shaped by experience & emotions. We may not fully aware of, especially those from childhood

Fruedian psychodynamic theory

Who develop the sensory integration theory?

Dr. A jean Ayres

who develop the fruedian psychodynamic theory

Sigmund freud

Explain the Psychodynamic theory by Sigmund freud

Unconscious level: Id… Seek immediate pleasure and satisfaction, present from birth

Preconscious level: Superego… Ideals and moral part of the personality, right and wrong

Conscious level: Ego…. Logical and realistic

is teaching a complex skill by breaking it into smaller, simple steps and teaching each step in order

chaining

A teaching method where the learner starts with the first step of a task and learns each step in order until the entire task is completed.

forward chaining

what behavior theory is this

1. Pick up the toothbrush. ✅ (Learner does this independently.)

2. Put toothpaste on the brush. (Therapist helps.)

3. Brush teeth. (Therapist helps.)

4. Rinse mouth. (Therapist helps.)

5. Put toothbrush away. (Therapist helps.)

forward chaining

A teaching method where the learner is taught the last step of a task first, while the therapist completes the earlier steps.

backward chaining

What behavior theory is this

Therapist picks up toothbrush.

1. Therapist puts toothpaste on.

2. Therapist helps brush teeth.

3. Therapist helps rinse.

4. Learner puts the toothbrush away. ✅ (Learner completes the last step)

backward chaining

is teaching a new behavior by rewarding small improvements until the desired behavior is achieved

shaping

What behavior is this

A child learns to say "water."

• Child says "wa" → ✅ Praise or reward.

• Child says "wata" → ✅ Praise or reward.

• Child says "water" → ✅ Praise or reward.

shaping

learn through experience and behaviors become automatic through repetition

conditioning and habits

Is anything that increase the chance a behavior will happen again by providing a reward or removing something unpleasant

reinforcement

Adding something pleasant or rewarding after a behavior to encourage it to happen again.

positive reinforcement

what behavior is this

A child finishes their homework and receives a sticker.

positive reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant after a behavior to encourage it to happen again.

Negative reinforcement

what behavior is this

A loud alarm stops when you fasten your seatbelt, making you more likely to wear it next time.

negative reinforcement

repeating a skill or behavior over and over to improve performance and make it easier to do

rehearsal and practice

what behavior is this

practicing buttoning a shirt every day until it can be done independently

rehearsal and practice