Stretegic revision for psychology

what are the differences between empiricism and sceptism

empiricism: focuses on how we gain knowledge, while skepticism focuses on the limits and validity of that knowledge. 

describe each type of experimental designs

descriptive: case study, natural observation

orrelational: impact variables have on another

experimental: cause and effect through manipulation

quasi experimental: examines cause and effect without usinf random assignments and control groups - preexsisitng characterisitics

what is the difference between positive and negative correlation

both go in same direction = positive

opposite direction = negative

how is an experiement conducted?

hypothesis, operationalise variables, develope standardised procedure, select and assigning participants, apply statisitcs, drawing conclusions

what does standardisation mean?

every aspect experiement the same - control group to test

ways to test reliability

test retest - tested again after nothing has changed

alternate forms - similar questions

interrater - measure is obserable,

split half - questionare split in half and administrating at same time

what is binet simon scale

Take the measurement of the childs intellectual powers in order to establish whether he is normal or retarded – systematic approach – take a test until fail = age normed

what was horn and cattels model of intelligence

fluid intelligence focuses on performance on culture free tasks

crystalised inteligence tasks require prior information

explain sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

1. analytical intelligence

2. creative intellignce

3. practicle intelligence

explain gardners theory of multiple intelligences

naturalitic, visual, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily, musical, logical, verbal - possible 9th existential

• isolated areas assosiated in the brain - some more developed then others

how correlated are the types of intelligence

explain determinants of intelligence - what do twin studies show

genetic and enviromental

twin studies show greater genetic simularity

how do psychologists measure intelligence

• binet simon scale - systematic - take test until fail = age

• standford binet scale - introduced measures of IQ in terms of chronological age - capped at 16

how is creativity measured

complete scentances, unusual uses, consequence task, pattern meanings, test of ingenuninty

what is emotional intelligence according to goleman

ability to interpret and manage our own or others emotions

1. self awareness

2. self motivation

3. self regulation

4. handling emotions

5. empathy

how correlated are intelligence

small to moderate

what is crosssectional, longditudinal and sequential designs

1. cross section - different ages simultaneously

2. longditudinal - following over time

3. sequental use of both

when do babies gain reflexes

born with sucking swollowing etc

when do babies gain rudimentary motor abilties

6-18 months - walking, reaching, throwing

when do babies gain fundamental motor abilities

18 months- 6 years - running, skipping, kicking

what senses are well developed in babies

touch, smell and hearing

taste - salty developes 4 months, prefer sweet

vision - 20cm fixed focus adult vision by 8 months

how is depth perseption tested

how do children form schemas

assimilation - reuse of exsisiting schemas to fit new information

accomidatin - new schemas for new information

developmental stages according to piaget

Sensorimotor state – birth to 2 years: exploration via senses and motor abilities – reflexes, no mental representation, no object permanance  

Prepreperational stage 2-7 years – internally represent and capable of thought, increase in representational activity, difficuilt entetaining  

Concrete operational stafe 7-11 years – less egocentric, less perceptually dominated, solve problems logically, limited to here and now  

Formal opperational stage 12 ans up – futher development, ideas,  

what assesments were used to test each state of piagets

conservation tests: physical charecteristics would remain the same even when their outward appearance changes – failure characteristics : irreversiibility, centration

what is the WAIS used for

what are language aquisition errors and how do they differ

what did vygotsky add to the understanding of cognitive development

emphasised role of social and cultural factors

what is dependency theory

infant motivation, satifaction of basic physiological need, survuval mechanisms > attachment development  

what is imprinting

early following behaviour on first objects that infants encounter, occurs before first feeding, evolutionary adaptive – protection, nourishment, support  

what did harlows monkeys show

conflicted with dependency theory, infant monkeys seperated and raised in isolation – reared by surrogate mothers – monkeys spend time with cloth model – shows comfort level

types of attachments

secure - destressed at seperation

insecure avoidant - avoids mum, not distressed

insecure anxious - cannot be calmed by mother

what are the parenting styles - how are they related to children behaviour

what is theory of mind and how do we test

the ability to understand other peoples mental states and predict subsequent behaviours - failed at 3 years passed at 4 years, visual perspective taking, false beleif tests 

how do you know when a child has sense of self or object is permenent

emergence of self at 18 months, talk about own mental state of desire, perception, thoughts, mirror self recognition  

What are James Marcia’s identity statuses and what do they mean?

identity based off crisis - choosing among options, commitment - personal investment

What are Erikson’s psychosocial stages? What are the crises at these stages and what are the age groups?

What role does socialization play in development?

what is the standford binet scale

Introduced measures of IQ in terms of chronological age and a measured mental age - 

what is wechslers intelligence scale

overall IQ broken down into 4 indicies - verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, processing speed

what is ravens progessive metrices

Identify missing eleent to complete the pattern – non verbal