Urinary and Reproductive System

Urinary System

Cortex - outer layer

Medulla - inner layer

Ureter - tube that connects kidney and bladder

Urethra - connects bladder to outside of the body

Glomerulus - capillary bed that forces filtrate out of blood

Bowman capsule - recieves filtrate

Proximal convoluted tubule - sodium potassium pumps removes NaCl, potassium, and nutrients and is reabsorbed

Loop of Henle - removes water and NaCl to make concentration gradient

Distal covoluted tubule - absorbs potassium but removes water and NaCl

Collecting duct - concetrates urine

Reabsoption and Secretion happen together

Female reproductive system

ovary - organ makes egg

oviduct/fallopian tube - site of fertilization

Fimbriae - projections that create lateral movements to sweep egg to oviduct

Uterus - site of implantation

Horns - increased surface area for embryo attachment

body of uterus - main component

cervix - cartilaginous tissue seperating uterus body from vagina

genital papillae - projection below the opening

Male reproductive system

testes - sperm production via leydig cells

scrotum - skin sac that contains testes

vas deferens - tube tha tbrings sperm into body cavity

urethra - tube that carries sperm and urine out of body

Cowper’s gland - pre-ejac sperm

Hypothalamus

Only produces, but stores in Posterior pituitary

Oxytocin - uterus contractions and breast milk flow in females and and muscle contraction during ejaculation in males

ADH - water conversation in kidney

Posterio pituitary

doesn’t prodcuce, only stores oxytocin and ADH

Oxytocin - uterus contractions and breast milk flow in females and and muscle contraction during ejaculation in males

ADH - water conversation in kidney

Anterior pituitary

Produces and stores all hormones

Growth hormone - elongation of bone during puberty

Prolactin - milk production in females and testosterone potentcy in males

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - egg and sperm development

Luteinizing hormone (LH) - triggers ovulation and production of testosterone

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - production of T3 and T4 from thyroid

Adrenoctyicoytopic hormone - produce/release glucocorticoids in adrenal cortex

Melanocyte stimulating hormone ((MSH) - darken skin after UV exposure

Endorphins - natural pain killer

Thyroid

T3 - regulates metabolism (low causes weight gain) more potent

T4 - regulates metabolism but more prevalent

calcitonin - lowed blood calcium and stores calcium in bonesa

parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone (PTH) - raises blood calcium causing bone breakdown

Pacrease

Insulin - converts glucose into glycogen in liver to lower blood glucose

Glucagon - breaks glycogen in lover to raise blood glucose

Somatostatin - inhibits insulin and glucagon when blood sugar is optimal

Adrenal gland

Epinephrine and noneprinephrine - fight or flight response

androgens (testosterone) - regulates libido

Glucocorticoids (Cortisone) - reduces inflammation and raises blood glucose levels

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) - increases sodium absoprtion increasing water retention

Testes

Androgen - 2ndary characteristicsO

Ovary Gland

Progesterone - thickens uterus lining

Estrogen - 2ndary sex characteristics

Pineal

Melatonin - circadian rhythm and sleep

Thymus

Thymosin - devleopment of lymphocytes