All Human body systems Biomedical Science studying notes

Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone, containing spongy bone and the epiphyseal plate.

Diaphysis

The shaft or central part of a long bone, containing yellow bone marrow and compact bone.

Compact Bone

The dense, hard outer layer of bone that provides strength.

Spongy Bone

A lighter, less dense inner bone tissue that absorbs shock.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build new bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down old bone tissue.

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle that controls movement and posture.

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle that makes up the heart and is responsible for pumping blood.

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found in walls of organs and blood vessels.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse.

Hyaline Cartilage

Type of cartilage that covers the ends of bones at joints.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism.

Renal System

Regulates hydration, blood pressure, and waste removal from the body.

Glomerulus

A cluster of capillaries in the kidney where blood filtration begins.

Filtration

The process in the kidneys that removes waste from blood and forms urine.

Reabsorption

The process by which the kidneys recover water and essential nutrients back into the blood.

Secretion

The process by which waste products are transferred from blood into the urine.

Dehydration

A condition resulting from excessive loss of body water.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stress-related activities.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that conserves energy and promotes restful functions.

Synaptic Transmission

The process of communication between neurons at the synapse.

Tendons

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

Ligaments

Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

Skeletal System

The organ system comprising bones and connective tissues, providing support and protection.

Respiratory System

The system responsible for breathing and gas exchange.

Circulatory System

The system that circulates blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and removing waste.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with tissues.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Atrium

An upper chamber of the heart that receives blood.

Ventricle

A lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord; the main control center of the body.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The network of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Neurons

Nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals.

Spinal Cord

A long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the brain.

Brain

An organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity.

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate body functions.

Endocrine System

The collection

Endocrine System

The collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Pituitary Gland

The gland located at the base of the brain that controls growth and regulates other endocrine glands.

Thyroid Gland

The gland in the neck that produces hormones regulating metabolism.

Pancreas

The gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.

Adrenal Glands

The glands located on top of the kidneys that produce hormones to regulate stress response, blood pressure, and metabolism.

Ovaries

Primary female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

Testes

Primary male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.

Insulin

Hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.

Glucagon

Hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

Cortisol

Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that help the body respond to stress.

Aldosterone

Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

Estrogen

Female sex hormone responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle.

Progesterone

Female sex hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and supports pregnancy.

Testosterone

Male sex hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and sperm production.