BIOS256 Comprehensive Review

These flashcards cover key concepts and terminology from the BIOS256 lecture notes, providing essential definitions for exam preparation.

Passive Processes

Biological processes that do not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.

Active Processes

Biological processes that require energy, often in the form of ATP, to move substances across cell membranes.

Simple Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy.

Osmosis

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Hypertonic solution

A solution with more solutes outside than inside the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

Isotonic solution

A solution with an equal concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell, causing no change in cell size.

Hypotonic solution

A solution with more solutes inside than outside the cell, causing the cell to swell and potentially burst.

Active Transport

The movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy, typically in the form of ATP.

Endocytosis

The process by which cells internalize substances by engulfing them in vesicles.

Exocytosis

The process by which cells expel substances in vesicles to the exterior.

Epithelial Tissue

A tissue type that lines body surfaces and cavities.

Connective Tissue

A tissue type that supports and binds other body parts.

Muscular Tissue

A tissue type responsible for movement within the body.

Nervous Tissue

A tissue type that receives stimuli and conducts impulses.

Keratinocytes

The primary cell type in the epidermis, responsible for producing keratin.

Melanocytes

Cells in the epidermis responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color.

Basophils

A type of white blood cell that helps with inflammatory reactions by releasing histamine.

Neutrophils

White blood cells that serve as the first line of defense by engulfing and destroying pathogens.

T cells

A type of lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity.

B cells

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies for humoral immunity.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood, containing water, proteins, nutrients, and waste products.

Spirometry

A test used to measure lung volumes and airflow, assessing pulmonary ventilation.

Boyle's Law

States that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of inhalation and exhalation of air between the lungs and the environment.