History and Meaning of Logic Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on the history, definitions, figures, and fundamental concepts of logic from the lecture transcript.

Zeno (336-264 B.C.)

The founder of the Stoic School who coined the word "logic".

Logike

The word meaning reasoning, from which "logic" was derived.

Logos

A term closely related to logike that denotes "word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle".

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

The acknowledged "Father of Logic" who considered logic an organon serving as a preliminary to all branches of knowledge.

Organon

A term meaning instrument or tool, used by Aristotle to describe logic's role in the study of knowledge.

Prior Analytics

The work by Aristotle in which he discussed deductive logic.

Posterior Analytics

The work by Aristotle in which he discussed induction.

Deductive Logic

Reasoning from universal to particular, which is evaluated as either valid or invalid.

Inductive Logic

Reasoning from particular to universal, which deals with probability.

Peter Abelard (1079-1142)

The first major logician in the Middle Ages who originated the theory of universals and introduced the formal validity of arguments.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)

The father of Symbolic Logic who devised a system that could be used to settle all forms of dispute.

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Logician who sustained the rapid developments of logic by reviving interest in inductive logic.

Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) and Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)

British philosophers who published a major work on logic in an attempt to reduce pure mathematics to logic.

Classical View of Logic

The definition of logic as a philosophical science and art of correct thinking and reasoning.

Scientia Scientiarum

Science of Sciences; logic as a systematically arranged body of principles with objective character and universal application.

Ars Artium

Arts of Arts; logic as practical rules directing human reason to proceed easily, orderly, and accurately in the attainment of truth.

Material Object of Logic

That which is being studied in logic, consisting of mental operations, apprehensions, judgement, and reasoning.

Formal Object of Logic

The specific aspect for which the material object is studied, namely the correctness of the thinking and reasoning process.

Thinking

Having and processing ideas.

Reasoning

Connecting ideas logically to arrive at a conclusion.

Argument

A structure consisting of one or more propositions (the premises) claimed to support the conclusion, which is the statement being proved.