History 2nd Exam

Cabinet

group of advisors to a President

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act established a federal court system. The states kept their own laws and courts, but the federal courts had the power to reverse state decisions. The act marked a first step in creating a strong and independent national judicial system.

Bonds

certificate that promises to repay borrowed money in the future—plus an additional amount of money, called interest.

Speculators

people who risk money in hopes of making a large profit in the future.

Tariffs

taxes on imports. These would raise money for the government and protect American industries from foreign competition.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1791 Congress passed a tax on the manufacture and sale of whiskey, a type of alcohol made from grain. An armed mob attacked tax collectors and burned down buildings.

Proclamation of Neutrality

Wars broke out between Britain and France. Washington hoped to remain neutral. This prohibited Americans from fighting in the war. The proclamation also barred French and British warships from American ports.

Impressment

seizing people against their will and forcing them to serve in the military or other public service

Jay's Treaty

Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the United States, to discuss a solution with the British. the British agreed to withdraw from American soil. There was no mention of impressment or British interference with American trade

Pinckney's Treaty

gave the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to trade at New Orleans.

Partisan

clearly favoring one party or faction

Caucus

a meeting of members of a political party to choose candidates for upcoming elections

XYZ Affair

Bribery attempt by the French against American diplomats. President Adams discovered the plan and fought an undeclared war against the French.

Alien and Sedition Acts

allowed the president to imprison aliens. The president could also deport—send out of the country— those thought to be dangerous

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

states could legally overturn federal laws they thought were unconstitutional. Act was made in retaliation of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

George Washington

Federalist war hero that became the first President. Washington set the standard for how long a president should serve and for how the nation should relate to other nations.

Thomas Jefferson

head of the State Department; Later ran for President. He was the leader of the Democratic- Republicans and believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution

James Madison

Made 10 amendments, together called the Bill of Rights that became part of the Constitution (1791)

Alexander Hamilton

secretary of the treasury. Hamilton tried to improve the government's finances and strengthen the nation at the same time. Later ran for president; often agreed with Washington about the establishment of government.

Federalists

Led by Hamilton, this group favored a strong federal government. They believed the Constitution gave government "implied" powers. Federalists supported representative government, in which elected officials ruled in the people's name and strong federal government. They did not believe it was wise to let the public become too involved in politics.

Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)

Jefferson and Madison led this faction. They believed in a strict reading of the Constitution. They believed congressional powers were limited to what is absolutely necessary to carry out the enumerated powers. The Republicans feared a strong central government controlled by only a few people. They believed that democracy and liberty would be safe only if ordinary people took part fully in government.

John Adams

He was well-known as one of Massachusetts's most active Patriots in the period before and during the Revolutionary War. He served two terms as vice president under Washington before becoming president. His time in office, however, was troubled.Polk administration

Great disparity

in distribution of wealth in northern cities, elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort.

Horace Mann

was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general.

Cult of domesticity

, supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life.

William Crawford

suffered a stroke after the initial election and was not a real contender for the House vote.

Industrialization

resulted in bigger cities with large (and often impoverished) migrant and immigrant neighborhoods.

John C Calhoun

In 1828, , Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest "arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

Tariff of 1828

Also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the Adam’s administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson's administration.

Mexico

declared independence from Spain in 1821, included what is now Texas and Southwest.

Steamships

replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages and railroads replaced land travel.

Jefferson

sent explorers, among them Lewis and Clark, to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory.

Power loom

in 1813 allowed manufacturers to produce both thread and finished fabric in own factories quickly and efficiently.

Inventions of steam

engine and telegraph revolutionized travel and shipping, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation and communication.

Telegraph

allowed for immediate long- distance communication and widespread use followed its invention almost immediately.

social life

Family and church played a dominant role in , as there were few people around to support organized cultural and leisure events.

northeastern economy

Farming played less of a role in than elsewhere in the country.

Westward migration

brought new set of social problems, including issues of land ownership, displacement of Native Americans, and question of slavery.

Tecumseh

unified area tribes to stop American expansion.

Cotton gin

increased production; expanded slavery and Southern economy

Manifest Destiny

Americans believed in God- given right to western territories, known as America's .

Thomas Jefferson

faced with a dilemma with regards to the Constitution and the power of the federal government.

Development of commerce

led to larger middle class, especially in North but also in southern and midwestern cities.

Whig Party

were a loose coalition united by opposition to Democratic party policies, favored the idea of a weak president and a strong Congress

New England Federalists

opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared (correctly) that more western states would be more Democratic states, and that they would lose political power.

Missouri

is the first state carved out of Louisiana Purchase and slavery debate continues until Civil War.

Indian Removal Act

Jackson's treatment of the Cherokees with the of 1830 is one of the most criticized policies by modern scholars.

Mechanization

revolutionized farming in the first half of the 19th century, with many machines such as mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, and cotton gin coming into common use.

central regions of New York State

The western and were known as the Burned- over District for the spiritual fervor in the area.

Judiciary Act

The of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the authority to order federal appointees (such as Madison) to deliver appointments such as William Marburys.

Textile mills

in New England produced thread and hired local women to weave thread into cloth at home.

Whig William Henry Harrison

became president in 1841, but died a month later.

Texas

was independent country called Republic of Texas.

Henry Clay

lobbied aggressively for American System, often referred to as "Henry Clay's American System.

Judicial review

Marshalls decision in the case established one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court

Monroe Doctrine

European powers should not colonize or interfere with the newly independent nations in the Americas and America's right to intervene in its own hemisphere

Chief crops

tobacco and cotton required vast acreage

White abolitionists divided into two groups

Moderates wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners, while immediatists wanted emancipation at onceLiteracy rates

William Pitt

, the English Prime Minister during the war, was supportive of the colonists and encouraged them to join the war effort.

political activity

Women were largely excluded from but had an important civil role and responsibility.

Mississippi Valley

The treaty gave England control of Canada and almost everything east of the .

Financial plan

called for federal government to assume states 'debts, repay by giving debt holders land on western frontier.

Three branches of government

executive, legislative, judicial

nominating convention

a meeting in which representative members of a political party choose candidates to run for important elected offices

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Northern Economy

Manufacturing and trade. Many cities with factories.

Southern Economy

depended on agriculture, small farms and large plantations, slaves were main source of labor

Western Economy

Mining; Fur Trapping; Small Farms; Small Towns, cheap land, focus on development of infrastructure

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

states' rights doctrine

the belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law, thus saying the 2nd Bank of the U.S. was legal.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to west of the Mississippi River (Oklahoma Territory)

Choctaw tribe

the first tribe sent west under the Indian Removal Act

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. Brought up the question on whether or not a president could use federal funds to purchase land.

Jame Monroe

5th president of the US, establishes the Monroe Doctrine

John Quincy Adams

he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine, negotiated treaties to fix U.S. borders and open new territories, and later became a representative in Congress.

Hamilton’s Beliefs

(broad constructionist) supported the establishment of the national bank, argued bank implied power of government and not explicitly forbidden by Constitution

Shays’ Rebellion

Farmer uprising that exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, a response to high taxes + debt collection practices that affected rural farmers. (1786–1787)

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments guaranteeing individual freedoms like speech and religion

George Washington & Benjamin Franklin at the Constitutional Convention

Supported stronger national government; Washington presided, Franklin promoted compromise

Federalist Papers

Essays supporting ratification of the Constitution written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the Constitution; feared strong government; demanded Bill of Rights

Washington’s Farewell Address

Warned against political parties, foreign alliances, and sectionalism

Assumption Act Federal

Government assumed state war debts to improve national credit (Hamilton's plan)

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Included national bank, assumption of debts, tariffs, excise taxes, and support for manufacturing

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws made by John Adams aimed at restricting immigration and limiting free speech, particularly targeting political dissent against the Federalist government (1798)

Federalist Party Beliefs

Strong federal government, loose interpretation, industry, pro-British

Democratic-Republican Party Beliefs

States’ rights, strict interpretation, agriculture, pro-French

Thomas Jefferson Administration

Louisiana Purchase, reduced government, Embargo Act, conflicts with Britain and France

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review (Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional) John Adams appointed William Marbury 2 a job position, new Secretary of State (James Madison) refused to deliver the commissions necessary for these appointments to take effect. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of mandamus to compel Madison to deliver his commission.

Reasons for the War of 1812

Impressment (forcing into army), trade interference, British aid to Natives, desire for Canada

Battles during the War of 1812

Lake Erie, Thames, New Orleans, Burning of Washington

Erie Canal 1825

canal connecting Great Lakes to Atlantic; boosted trade and is in NYC

Election of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson wins)

Growth of Mills Industrial growth

in New England based on water power, labor, investment

Growth of Cotton

and Industrial Revolution in England altered southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor