Metabolism and Nutrition Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts in metabolism, nutrition, and body temperature regulation.

What is Nutrition?

The foods we eat and the nutrients they contain.

What is Metabolism?

How the body uses nutrients.

What is Catabolism?

How the body supplies itself with energy.

What is Anabolism?

Building up body tissues and energy stores.

What are the three main types of nutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Catabolism refers to what?

Breaking down.

Anabolism refers to what?

Building up.

What is Aerobic glucose catabolism?

Oxygen is present.

What is Anaerobic glucose catabolism?

Oxygen is not available.

Does Aerobic glucose catabolism produce more or less ATP?

More ATP.

Does Anaerobic glucose catabolism produce more or less ATP?

Less ATP.

What does Anaerobic glucose catabolism result in?

Lactic acid buildup.

What is ATP?

The body's energy currency.

What is Metabolic rate?

How fast or slow your body uses energy to do all the things it needs to do to stay alive.

What are some factors that affect metabolism?

Diet, age, illness, and genetics.

What does the USDA guidelines explain?

Portion size.

What is the recommendation for eating?

Eat to live, not live to eat.

What are the five food groups recommended by ChooseMyPlate.gov?

Dairy, fruits, grains, vegetables, and protein.

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides and polysaccharides.

What are monosaccharides?

Simple sugars that give quick energy.

What are polysaccharides?

Complex carbs that provide slower, more sustained energy.

What does the glycemic effect measure?

How quickly foods raise your blood sugar.

What can choosing foods with a lower glycemic index help you maintain?

Stable energy levels throughout the day.

What are fats used for?

Energy storage and use by most cells, except the brain.

Where are excess calories stored as fat?

In the liver and adipose tissue.

What are the two main types of fats?

Saturated and unsaturated fats.

Where do saturated fats primarily come from?

Mostly from animal sources.

What is the state of saturated fats at room temperature?

Solid at room temperature.

Where do unsaturated fats primarily come from?

Derived from plants.

What is the state of unsaturated fats at room temperature?

Liquid at room temperature.

Does protein have specialized storage forms?

No specialized storage forms.

For what purpose are specific proteins synthesized?

Synthesized to meet specific body needs.

What are the two types of amino acids?

Essential and nonessential amino acids.

Where do essential amino acids come from?

Must be obtained from the diet.

How are nonessential amino acids obtained?

Can be synthesized by the body.

What types of proteins supply all the essential amino acids (complete)?

Most animal proteins.

What food combinations provide all essential amino acids?

Legumes and grains combined.

What is Radiation?

Heat travels from its source.

What is Convection?

Heat transfer by movement of a cooler object.

What is Evaporation?

Heat is lost from a liquid to a vapor (gas).

What is Conduction?

Warm object transfers heat to a cooler object.

The blood flow is in the skin higher under cold or hot conditions?

Hot conditions.

What is Vasodilation?

dilation of blood vessels to release heat.

What is Vasoconstriction?

Constriction of blood vessels to retain heat.

Which type of carbohydrate provides the quickest energy?

Monosaccharides.

Which type of carbohydrate provides slower, more sustained energy?

Polysaccharides.

What is a storage form of glucose?

Glycogen.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids.

What are the building blocks of lipids (fats)?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

Besides macronutrients, what other nutrients are important for body function?

Vitamins and minerals.

What part of the brain regulates body temperature?

Hypothalamus.

What is a muscular response to cold to generate heat?

Shivering.

What is a response to heat to cool the body?

Sweating.

What is the primary energy source for cells?

Glucose.

Which metabolic pathway does not require oxygen?

Anaerobic pathway.

Which metabolic pathway requires oxygen?

Aerobic pathway.

What is the central metabolic pathway in cellular respiration?

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle).

What is a critical aspect of homeostasis regulated by the body?

Body temperature.

What refers to the process of using nutrients within the body?

Nutrient metabolism.

What is the process of breaking down glucose called?

Oxidation.

What is the role of subcutaneous fat in thermoregulation?

Insulation.

Which nutrients are essential for enzyme function?

Vitamins.

Which nutrients are important for bone health?

Minerals.

What non-nutrient substance can affect metabolism?

Alcohol's

What is an important aspect of nutrition for overall health?

Weight control.

What is an example of a condition related to overweight or obesity?

Cardiovascular disease.

What condition can result from being underweight?

Malnutrition.

What process converts nutrients into energy?

Cellular respiration.

What helps to build and repair tissues?

Anabolic processes.

What breaks down molecules for energy?

Catabolic processes.

What is the role of fatty acids in metabolism?

Energy source.

Why is portion control important for nutrient metabolism?

Preventing overeating.

Besides diet and activity, what factor affects metabolism?

Age.

Can metabolism be affected by genetics?

Genetics.

What is a key principle for maintaining a healthy weight?

Balance energy intake with energy expenditure.

What is a result of vasodilation in thermoregulation?

Heat loss.

What is a consequence of vasoconstriction in thermoregulation?

Heat gain.

Which nutrient is crucial for building and repairing body tissues?

Proteins

What is the primary function of simple carbohydrates?

Provide quick energy

What is the primary function of complex carbohydrates?

Provide sustained energy released

What are important fats that come from food we eat?

Essential fatty acids

What type of fats are mostly from animal sources?

Saturated fats

What is heat transfer by movement of a cooler object?

Conduction

What occurs occurs when a body emits heat to its surrounding environment?

Radiation

What is heat lost from a liquid to a vapor?

Evaporation

What thermoregulation happens when blood vessels contract, reducing blood flow to the skin?

Vasoconstriction

What are fats also called?

Fatty acids

What is lost as a byproduct of metabolism?

Heat

What provides the body with essential nutrients for growth, energy, and maintenance?

Nutrition

What is produced during metabolic processes and affects body temperature?

Metabolic Heat

What helps in preventing risks of overweight and underweight?

Weight control

What condition can lead to malnutrition and impaired immunity?

Underweight.

Which macronutrient broken down into glucose for energy?

Carbohydrates.

What support growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues?

Proteins.

What is a product of fat metabolism?

Glycerol

What is a series of chemical reactions releases stored energy through oxidation of acetyl-CoA?

Citric acid cycle

What region of the brain regulates body temperature through various mechanisms?

Hypothalamus

What increases blood flow to the skin to dissipate heat?

Vasodilation

What is facilitated by vasodilation?

Heat loss

What is increased during cold conditions through shivering mechanism?

Heat production