BIO CLASS FINAL

Primary purpose of the Light Reactions in photosynthesis

To provide NADPH (electrons) and ATP (energy) for the Calvin Cycle

Primary purpose of the Calvin Cycle

To produce G3P (sugars) using CO2 as a carbon source

In the equation for Cellular Respiration, Glucose is __ to CO2

Oxidized

In the equation for Cellular Respiration, Oxygen is __ to H2O

Reduced

In the equation for Photosynthesis, Water is __ to O2

Oxidized

In the equation for Photosynthesis, CO2 is __ to Glucose

Reduced

Direction of proton (H+) pumping in the Mitochondria

From the matrix into the intermembrane space

Direction of proton (H+) pumping in the Chloroplast

From the stroma into the thylakoid space

Final electron acceptor in the Mitochondrial ETC

Oxygen (O2)

Final electron acceptor in the Chloroplast Light Reactions

NADP+

Source of the electrons that replace those lost by Photosystem II

Water (H2O)

The enzyme that uses a proton gradient to synthesize ATP

ATP Synthase

The movement of protons down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase

Chemiosmosis

DELETE

DELETE

The only stage of respiration that occurs in the cytosol and does not require O2

Glycolysis

The specific molecule that enters the Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl CoA

The main function of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration

To deliver high-energy electrons to the Electron Transport Chain

Waste product of the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)

CO2

The three phases of the Calvin Cycle

Carbon fixation, Reduction, Regeneration of RuBP

The specific 5-carbon molecule that CO2 is attached to in the Calvin Cycle

RuBP (Ribulose bisphosphate)

The enzyme responsible for fixing CO2 in the Calvin Cycle

Rubisco

Difference between C4 and CAM plants regarding carbon fixation

C4 separates fixation and Calvin cycle by space (different cells); CAM separates them by time (night/day)

Molecule produced in the light reactions that carries high-energy electrons

NADPH

Molecule produced in respiration that carries high-energy electrons

NADH

Mechanism used by C4 and CAM plants to avoid photorespiration

Concentrating CO2 around Rubisco

Where the Citric Acid Cycle occurs

Mitochondrial Matrix

Where the Electron Transport Chain is located in Mitochondria

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (Cristae)

Where the Light Reactions occur

Thylakoid Membrane

Where the Calvin Cycle occurs

Stroma

Stage of respiration that produces the most ATP

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in these stages

Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle

The process of breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn

Citric Acid Cycle

Number of turns of the Citric Acid Cycle required per glucose molecule

Two

The protein complexes in the ETC pump __ across the membrane

Protons (H+)

The loss of CO2 during the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate Oxidation

Enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix

Helicase

Enzyme that synthesizes the RNA primer needed to start replication

Primase

Direction in which DNA Polymerase ALWAYS adds new nucleotides

5' to 3' direction

Fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand

Okazaki Fragments

Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments together

DNA Ligase

The flow of information from DNA to RNA to Protein

Central Dogma

The process of creating an mRNA strand from a DNA template

Transcription

The process of building a polypeptide chain using an mRNA template

Translation

Sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for an amino acid

Codon

Region of the ribosome where the growing polypeptide chain is held

P site

Region of the ribosome where new tRNAs enter with amino acids

A site

Non-coding regions of mRNA that are removed during splicing

Introns

The Start codon that initiates translation

AUG (Methionine)

Stop codons that terminate translation

UAA, UAG, UGA

Enzyme that carries out transcription

RNA Polymerase

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

Promoter

The modification added to the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule

5' Cap (Guanine cap)

The modification added to the 3' end of a pre-mRNA molecule

Poly-A Tail

The complex of RNA and proteins that performs mRNA splicing

Spliceosome

The property of the genetic code where multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

Redundancy (Degeneracy)

The specific tRNA site where the empty tRNA exits the ribosome

E site

Type of mutation that results in a premature stop codon

Nonsense Mutation

Type of mutation that changes one amino acid to another

Missense Mutation

Type of mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence

Silent Mutation

Enzyme that relieves over-winding (strain) ahead of the replication fork

Topoisomerase

Proteins that keep single-stranded DNA from re-pairing during replication

Single-strand binding proteins

Enzyme that replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides

DNA Polymerase I

Mendel's law stating that two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law stating that each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs

Law of Independent Assortment

Ratio of phenotypes expected from a dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes (AaBb x AaBb)

9:3:3:1

Phenotype where the heterozygote is an intermediate blend (e.g., Pink flowers)

Incomplete Dominance

Phenotype where both alleles are expressed equally (e.g., AB blood type)

Codominance

Interaction where a gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at a second locus

Epistasis

Inheritance pattern where multiple genes affect a single trait (e.g., Skin color)

Polygenic Inheritance

Term for genes located close together on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

Linked Genes

Process during Prophase I of meiosis that results in genetic recombination

Crossing Over

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly

Nondisjunction

A genetic cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual

Testcross

An individual who is heterozygous for a recessive disorder but appears normal

Carrier

F1 generation result of a cross between two true-breeding parents (PP x pp)

PpPp

The physical appearance of an organism

Phenotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

Genotype

When a single gene has multiple phenotypic effects

Pleiotropy

The chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed based on the behavior of __

Chromosomes during Meiosis

Type of inheritance shown by human ABO blood groups

Multiple Alleles and Codominance

If a trait is X-linked recessive, it is more commonly seen in which sex?

Males

The inactive X chromosome in a female mammalian cell

Barr Body

Map units used to express the distance between genes on a chromosome

Centimorgans

Recombination frequency of linked genes is always less than __

50%

Phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated

S phase

Phase of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles

Anaphase

Specific structure that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis to build a new wall

Cell Plate

Major difference between Anaphase I of Meiosis and Anaphase of Mitosis

Homologous chromosomes separate in Meiosis I; Sister chromatids separate in Mitosis

Process that reduces the chromosome number from diploid (2n) to haploid (n)

Meiosis

Number of daughter cells produced by Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Mitosis: 2 identical; Meiosis: 4 unique

Specific checkpoint that ensures all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers

M Checkpoint

The "quiescent" or non-dividing state of a cell

G0 phase

The two proteins that regulate the cell cycle control system

Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Programmed cell death

Apoptosis

A protein that inhibits the cell cycle if DNA is damaged

p53 (Tumor suppressor)

Stages of Interphase

G1, S, G2

In Meiosis, when does crossing over occur?

Prophase I

The X-shaped regions where crossing over has occurred

Chiasmata

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I

Synapsis