The Impact of European Expansion on Global Trade and Society

Da Gama

Portuguese explorer who reached India militarily.

Ferdinand Magellan

Initiated first circumnavigation of the globe.

Battle of Lepanto

A naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire, resulting in Spanish victory and increased European trade power.

Mestizos

These were people who had mixed European and Indian ancestry. However, they are still part of forced labor systems.

Vasco de Balboa

This was the first Spanish captain to begin settlements on the mainland of Mesoamerica. His initial settlement led to the conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas.

Francisco Pizarro

He was a powerful and successful explorer who captured the Inca empire. He did it with only about 180 men.

Emperor Atahuallpa

He was the Inca emperor captured by Francisco Pizarro. He was held for ransom and then strangled once the ransom was collected.

New France

The first European colony established by the French and led by Louis XIV. It had 55,000 settlers in the peasant society and was an extremely durable colony.

Cape Colony

Dutch coastal station at Africa's southern tip.

Calcutta

Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal.

Manorial Estates

Initial plan for land distribution in New France.

Silver

Major currency creating a new world economy.

Mita

Inca system for drafting workers to mines.

International Trading Routes

Controlled by Europeans for trade advantages.

Vinland

Early European settlement in North America.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the Americas.

Trading Companies

Organizations trading globally, including fur trade.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of disease and foods that drastically changed the world.

Great Man Analysis

The claim that only a few 'great men' were the prime movers in history rather than cultural or economic factors.

Indentured Servitude

A contract to work for a specified number of years without a salary, usually to pay off traveling debts.

Core Nations

Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profits from the new world economy, with other areas being dependent on them.

Seven Years' War

A war in continental Europe which involved the French giving away its colony in Canada. The English also seized colonies in India.

Calvinists

Religious group seeking refuge in North America.

World Economy

Established by Europeans in the sixteenth century.

Crusades

Increased European awareness of global trade.

Mongol Empire

Facilitated faster exchanges across Asia.

Deep-Draft Ships

New vessels for Atlantic exploration and trade.

Navigational Devices

Improved compasses and maps for exploration.

Explosives

Knowledge gained from Chinese for military use.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince who organized African expeditions.

Northern European Expeditions

Successful ventures led by companies in trade.

Dutch East India Company

Monopoly on trade, especially in Taiwan.

British East India Company

British trading company similar to the Dutch.

Spanish Expeditions

Long journeys indicating military and economic power.

Portuguese Expeditions

Focused on South America and India.

Economic Power

Spanish dominance shown through extensive expeditions.

Trade Routes

European efforts to establish new global connections.

Isolation Policy

Japanese strategy limiting foreign influence in 1600s.

Public Works

Projects funded by silver taxes in Spain.

Rich-Poor Gap

Increased disparity due to silver tax system.

Harsh Working Conditions

Mining labor leading to unrest among workers.

Military Equipment

Heavy armaments carried by new European ships.

Historical Causation

Trying to find connections between historical events.

Cultural Causation

The idea that different cultural patterns led to certain historical events, such as the Renaissance influencing Europe's expansion.

Political Causation

The influence of rivalries or peace between groups leading to quests for new trade routes and colonies.

Technologically Determinist Approach

The belief that a handful of inventions led to Europe's conquests, such as naval cannons on ships.

European Disadvantage

The inability of Europeans to obtain sought-after goods, prompting them to seek new sources.

Columbian Exchange Impact on Environment

The introduction of sheep and other practices that devastated local vegetation and led to deforestation.

Macao

An island port off of China won by the Portuguese from the Chinese.

Mercantilism

An economic theory stressing government promotion of limitations on imports to improve local economies and increase tax revenues.

International Inequality

The massive economic inequalities faced by different people in the same regions, such as Latin America and slave-supplying parts of Africa.

Slave Trade

The forced shipment of millions of slaves across the Atlantic, characterized by harsh conditions and large scale.

Environmental Changes from European Colonization

The introduction of European practices that led to significant changes in local ecosystems, including deep-sea whaling and extensive fishing.

Labor Shortage in the Americas

A shortage of labor due to the Native American population dying from diseases, leading to the reinvention of the slave trade.

Economic Disparities in Latin America

Wealth concentrated among slave traders and princes while the majority of the population remained below the poverty line.

Silver Mines in Latin America

Wealth generated from silver mining that did not benefit the laborers who worked in the mines.

Forced Labor Systems

Systems that included Native Americans and mestizos being compelled to work under harsh conditions.

Population Increases from New Crops

The introduction of crops like corn and sweet potatoes that triggered large population increases in China and Europe.

Rumors about American Foods

The belief that American foods caused diseases, despite potatoes gaining popularity in Paris by the 1680s.

Impact of European Colonization

The interconnectedness of various factors such as great men, European disadvantage, political and cultural causation in Europe's expansion.

Fur Trade Impact

The fur trade led to declines in native animal populations due to European demand.

Deforestation for Exports

The practice of cutting down forests to increase exports, negatively affecting local environments.

Mughal empire

The empire under which India started trading with Western Europe.

Safavid empire

A Middle Eastern empire which stayed out of world trade.

Latin America

This is the region in North and South America where 'Romance languages' are predominantly spoken. (Mexico and most of South America).

Balboa

A colony in Panama where Francisco Pizarro where he learned about the wealth of Peru and encouraged him to take over the Inca.

William Penn

One of the people who received free land as an effort to get settlers in the North American colonies.

Louis XIV

He led the first substantial European settlement under the French government in Canada.

Chinese government

Avoided international trade but they still copied firearms and traded with Philippines and Southeast Asia.

Indonesia

An island colony that had weak economic effects in the world economy.

British and French East India Companies

Had increasing roles in internal trade and administration in India.

Tariff

A tax put on Indian cotton goods by the British to boost its own cotton industry.

Eastern Europe

Provided grains produced by serfs who had long periods of labor service.

West Indian Slaveholding

The number of slaves went up drastically from 1688 to 1767 due to new demand for cash crops such as sugar and tobacco.

European settlers

Were driven by religion and established colonies in North America.

Native populations

Quickly shrunk due to disease and war, making it easier for European colonists to displace them.

African slaves

Became a very important addition to North America and would eventually make up 23% of the population.

Coastal navy

Regulated to keep the Europeans in check.

Porcelain economy

Developed by Europeans as they traded with the Chinese.

Japan and Korea

Stayed away from trade due to concerns about Western influence.

Mughal empire trade

Traded with Western Europe from small ports, selling spices, cotton textiles, and other items for silver.

Ottoman and Safavid empires

Also stayed out of world trade.

Nomadic communities

Traded with Russia up until the 18th century.

Treaty of Paris

Ended Seven Years' War; ceded New France to England.

African Slavery

Significant population component; 23% of North America.

Boers

Dutch farmers in Cape Colony, clashed with locals.

Aurangzeb

Mughal emperor; his death shifted power dynamics.

Diplomatically

Pertaining to international relations and negotiations.

Colonial Rivalries

Increased tensions among European powers over colonies.

Impact on Western Europe

Colonialism transformed European economy and diplomacy.

Child-centeredness

American families emphasized children's roles and freedoms.

European Settlers

Driven by religion, seeking land and opportunity.

Medicinal Herbs

Traded by American merchants for Chinese artifacts.

Mughals

Final Indian empire, weakened during British expansion.

Black Hole of Calcutta

Incident of imprisonment leading to many deaths.

Sugar Commodity

Colonialism made sugar a valuable trade item.

Labor Force Development

New France grew labor through high birth rates.

Timber and Furs

Less valued resources in North American colonies.

Nuclear Family

American families mirrored European family structures.

Trade Patterns

New foods and trade routes emerged post-discovery.