Bio 30-Nervous and Endocrine System

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83 Terms

1
Homeostasis
maintaining a constant internal environment by adjusting to changes
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2
Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

-carries information between organs and CNS

-nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

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4
Neurons
functional unit of the nervous system
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5
Glial Cells
-structural support
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Dendrites
branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information and send it toward the cell body
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Axon

conducts nerve impulses away from cell body toward other neurons or to effectors

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8
Myelin Sheath

-formed by Schwann cells

-only in PNS

-glistening white coat of fatty protein that acts as insulator

-speeds up nerve impulse by causing Saltatory conduction (making it jump)

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Nodes of Ranvier

-gaps in the myelin sheath

-speeds up nerve impulse by causing Saltatory conduction (making it jump)

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Neurilemma

-thin outer membrane that surrounds axons

-only in PNS

-promotes regeneration

-formed by Schwann cells

-found in all PNS nerve cells

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11
Synapse
small space between neurons or neurons and effectors
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12
Neurotransmitters

chemicals that are released from the presynaptic neuron and then diffuse across synaptic space and causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize

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Summation

combination of excitatory responses to trigger an 'all' response

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14
Acetylcholine

-excitatory neurotransmitter for muscles

-can be inhibitory in some locations

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15
Norepinephrine

involved in fight or flight response and wakefulness

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Cholinesterase

-inhibitory nerotransmitter

-breaks down acetycholine to 'reset' the synapse

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17
Spinal Cord

-carries sensory information to brain and information from the brain to motor neurons

-contains white matter (myelinated nerves) and grey matter (unmyelinated nerves)

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18
Forebrain

the largest and most complicated region of the brain, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum.

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19
Hypothalamus

-maintains Homeostasis (Autonomic)

-connects to Pituitary gland

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20
Cerebrum

-divided into left (logical) and right (artistic) hemispheres

-largest part of the brain

-many folds to allow for more neurons

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Corpus Callosum

bundle of nerves that connects left and right side of brain

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22
Frontal Lobe

Functions:

-higher level thinking

-personality

-motor movements

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23
Occipital Lobe

-located at the back of the head

Functions:

-vision

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24
Temporal Lobe

Functions:

-hearing

-smell

-memory

-interpretation of sensory information

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25
Parietal Lobe

-located at the top of the head

Functions:

-touch

-taste

-temperature

-pain

-emotions

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26
Hindbrain
division of the brain containing the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
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27
Pons

a brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the Medulla

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Cerebellum
controls coordination of limb movements, balance and muscle tone
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29
Sympathetic division
fight or flight
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Parasympathetic division
rest and digest
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31
Autonomic Nervous System

-brings information about body's internal environment to CNS

-regulates by carrying signals from CNS to muscles and organs

-composed of two divisions

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Sensory-Somatic System

-bring information from external environment to CNS and send information back to muscles

-voluntary EXCEPT for reflex arcs

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33
Sclera

-outer layer

-protection

-maintains shape

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34
Choroid layer

-middle layer

-pigmented to prevent light from scattering

-contains blood vessels

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35
Iris
a ring of muscle tissue that forms the coloured portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
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Lens
the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
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Cornea

-the transparent outer covering of the eye

-requires oxygen and nutrients from aqueous humor

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38
Aqueous Humor
fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens that provides nutrients
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39
Retina

-innermost layer

-contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells called rods and cones

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40
Rods

-black and white vision

-contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells called rods and cones

-peripheral vision

-work well in low light intensity

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41
Cones

-colour vision

-requires bright light

-concentrated in the Fovea Centralis

-3 types (red, green, blue)

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Fovea Centralis

-small depression

-most sensitive

-packed with cones with rods surrounding perimeter

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Blind Spot

-location of the optic nerve and blood vessels connecting to eye

-no room for photoreceptors causing a blind spot on the retina

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Cataracts

-lens becomes opaque and prevents light from passing through

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Glaucoma

-buildup of aqueous humor in anterior chamber

-caused from blocked drainage duct and retinal cell slowly dies from pressure

-results in vision loss

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Astigmatism
lens or cornea is irregularly shaped
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Colourblindness
inherited condition where one lacks certain cones
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48
Pinna

ear flaps of cartilage

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49
Auditory Canal

-funnels sounds to ear drum

-has specialized sweat glands produce war wax

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50
Tympanic membrane/Eardrum
the membrane at the end of the ear canal that relays vibrations into the middle ear
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51
Ossicles

-three tiny bones in the middle ear

-specialized sweat glands produce war wax

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Eustachian tube

-allows for air pressure equalization

-connected to throat

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Semicircular Canal

-for balance

-3 fluid-filled rings arranged in different angles

-movement of fluid identifies body movement

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54
Cochlea

-shaped like snail shell

-vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by organ of Corti

-comprised of rows of hair cells

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55

Schwann Cell

-Glial cell

-non-conducting

-form the Myelin sheath

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56

Negative Feedback

a self-regulating system in which the output is fed-back to reduce further output

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Tropic Hormones

hormones that target other endocrine glands

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Pituitary Gland (“The Master Gland”)

-located right below the Hypothalamus

-produces and stores hormones

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Hypothalamus

-composed of an anterior and posterior lobe

-stimulate the Pituritary gland to release hormones

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60

Pancreas

contains 2 types of cells:

1. cells that produce hormones (Insulin and Glucagon) which are located in structure called islets of Langerhans

2. cells that produce digestive enzymes

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61

Insulin

-lowers blood sugar

-causes all cells to becomes permeable to glucose

-glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles

-antagonistic to Glucagon

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Glucagon

-raises blood sugar

-glycogen is broken down and releases glucose in the liver and muscles

-antagonistic to Insulin

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63

Diabetes Mellitus

-chronic disease caused by insufficient production or use of Insulin

-3 main types

Symptoms:

-Hyperglycemia: high blood sugar

-glucose in urine and high urine production

-will feel thirsty and tired

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64

Adrenal Medulla

-regulated by nervous system

-produces Epinephrine and Norepinephrine which both increase blood sugar and heart rate

-stimulated by Sympathetic nervous system

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Adrenal Cortex

-regulated by hormones

-produces Aldosterone and Cortisol

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66

Aldosterone

-increases blood volume and pressure

-reabsorbs sodium to increase water reabsorption

-used during long term stress

-targets Kidney tubules

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Cortisol

-targets all cells

-increases blood glucose due to fats and proteins broken

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Epinephrine

-targets liver, muscles and heart

-increases blood glucose due to converted glycogen

-increases heartrate

-increases blood flow to muscles

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

-targets Adrenal Cortex

-initiates long term stress by causing the release of Cortisol and Aldosterone

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70

Metabolism

-chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain life

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Thyroid

-produces Thyroxin and Calcitonin

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72

Throxine

-increases metabolism and regulates growth

-main hormone that controls metabolism

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73

Calcitonin

-lowers blood calcium levels

-causes bones to store calcium by removing from the blood

-sourced by the Thyroid gland

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74

Goiter

-caused by a lack of iodine in the diet

-no negative feedback so TSH continues to be released causing thyroid to enlarge

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75

Hyperthroidism

-excessive secretion of Thyroxin

-can be caused by an autoimmune disease called Graves disease or an overactive thyroid

Symptoms:

-high body temperature

-high blood pressure

-weight loss

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76

Hypothyroidism

-low secretion of Thyroxin

Symptoms:

-lethargy in adults

-dwarfism in infants

-low metabolism (weight gain and chills)

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77

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

-increases calcium in the blood

-sourced by the Parathyroid gland

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78

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

-released from the anterior pituitary gland

-targets most cells to stimulate growth

-breaks down fat

-increases blood glucose levels to support growth

-cells grow larger and faster

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79

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

-reduces water loss in urine when dehydrated

-produced by the Hypothalamus but stored in the posterior pituitary

-release stimulated by osmoreceptors

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80

Blood Sugar

-glusose found in the blood

-controlled by 2 Endocrine glands (Pancreas and Adrenal glands)

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81

Osmoreceptors

-in the Hypothalamus

-detect dehydration in the blood and cause the release of ADH and the feeling of thirst

-shrink through osmosis = stimulation

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82

Ganglia

clusters of cell bodies outside spinal cord

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83

Medulla Oblongata

coordinating centre for autonomic nervous system

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